阅读理解之推理判断.pptx

第二讲 事实细节类,题型特点与命题方式 所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。旨在考查考生对事实细节的确定。一般只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图形、图表或地图来表示信息等。 此类试题一般又可分为两类：一是直接理解题，答案可在原文中直接找到，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问，属于低层次题;,二是词义转换题，答案是原文中有关词语和句子的转换，而不能在原文中直接找到，需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等，属于中档层次题，高考题中占大多数。 抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。,解题思路与应试技巧,细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。,细节题的正确选项有以下特征：,1）对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。 2）词性或者语态的变化。 3）语言简化。 4）正话反说。（适于找错误选项）。,细节题的干扰项有以下特征：,了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点： 1）将原文内容扩大或缩小。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动，部分正确，部分错误。 2）把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。,细节题的干扰项有以下特征：,3）无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。 4）偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。 5)文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。符合常识，但不是文章内容,细节题的破解,一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。,细节题的破解,寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。 如：表因果关系的 because, since, as 等； 表转折关系的 but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand 等等。 除了运用 扫读法 (scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法。将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。,下面结合最新高考试题， 对细节题的不同类型加以解读。,直接信息题,对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。,直接信息题,描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。,This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road， which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936. Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States. Hoover Dam， one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.,2. 定义； 3. 比较； . 年代与数字 5. 原因和结果,此类试题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或 间接找到,但不可能与阅读材料一模一样。,Hoover Dam lies _. A. between Arizona and Nevada B. in the Black Canyon C. between New York and San Francisco D. both A and B,Sample I,2016新课标I 阅读A,Jane Addams(1860-1935) Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addans helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. 21.What is Jane Addams noted for in history? A. Her social work. B. Her lack of proper training in law. C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background.,2016新课标I 阅读A,Sandra Day OConnor(1930-present) When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. 22. What is the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm? A. Her lack of proper training in law. B. Her little work experience in court. C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions.,2016新课标II A,Charlotte Stone 8.00pm11.00pm Pizza World Fine food with beautiful jazz music; this is a great evening out. Charlotte Stone will perform songs from her new best-selling CD, with James Pickering on the piano. The menu is Italian, with excellent meat and fresh fish, pizzas and pasta(面食). Book early to get a table. Our bar is open all day, and serves cocktails, coffee, beer, and white wine. 4. When will Charlotte Stone perform her songs? A. 5.00pm7.30pm. B. 7.30pm1.00am. C. 8.00pm11.00pm. D. 8.30pm10.30pm.,2016新课标III A,Music Opera at Music Hall: 1243 Elm Street. The season runs June through August, with additional performances in March and September. The Opera honors Enjoy the Arts membership discounts. Phone: 241-2742. . Chamber Orchestra: The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street, which offers several concerts from March through June. Call 723-1182 for more information. . Symphony Orchestra: At Music Hall and Riverbend. For ticket sales, call 381-3300. Regular season runs September through May at Music Hall in summer at Riverbend. /home.asp. 1.Which number should you call if you want to see an opera? A. 241-2742. B. 723-1182. C. 381-3300. D. 232-6220.,间接信息题,做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。,此类试题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或 间接找到,但不可能与阅读材料一模一样。,Sample I,Hoover Dam lies _. A. between Arizona and Nevada B. in the Black Canyon C. between New York and San Francisco D. both A and B,This huge dam is in the Black Canyon. It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road， which is on the top of the dam. This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside. This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936. Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States. Hoover Dam， one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.,2. 定义； 3. 比较； . 年代与数字 5. 原因和结果,此类试题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或 间接找到,但不可能与阅读材料一模一样。,Hoover Dam lies _. A. between Arizona and Nevada B. in the Black Canyon C. between New York and San Francisco D. both A and B,Sample I,Sample II,Which of the following is NOT true? A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai. B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991， Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station.,Sample II,Which of the following is NOT true? A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai. B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,moved,According to scientists ,the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is . Agreenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nations Bhigher surface water temperatures of the sea Ccontinuous global warming Drising sea levels,Sample II, reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation suffered an unusaually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years . Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.,connect,to,According to scientists ,the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is . Agreenhouse gas emissions(散发) in industrialized nations Bhigher surface water temperatures of the sea Ccontinuous global warming Drising sea levels,Sample II,2016新课标I B,Grandparents Answer a Call As a third generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never pleased move away,. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help their children, she politely refused . Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms Gaf finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move to a success,giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities. 25. Why was Garzas move a success? AIt strengthened her family ties. BIt improved her living conditions. CIt enabled her make more friends. DIt helped her know more new places.,2016新课标II A,Whats On? Electric Underground 7.30pm1.00am Free at the Cyclops Theatre Do you know whos playing in your area? Were bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands. Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)? If so, come early to the talk at 7.30pm by Jules Skye, a successful record producer. Hes going to talk about how you can find the right person to produce your music. 1. Who can help you if you want to have your music produced? A. Jules Skye. B. Gee Whizz. C. Charlotte Stone. D. James Pickering.,数字计算题,数字计算题常考，要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论，在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。,The City Bike program rolled into New York last spring and proved a hit, with nearly 12,000 New Yorkers signing up for annual memberships. Since 2010, over a dozen US cities have introduced bike-share programs. Therere plenty of bike stations near parks and other car-free areas. The programs we looked at in major cities work the same way. You buy a 24-hour pass. During the time, you get an unlimited number of 30-minute rides. If you go over your given half-hour ride time, you start paying fees for each following 30-minute period. Here are some of the biggest bike-share program in America.,23. If you visit Boston by riding Hubway bike for 3 hours, you have to pay _. A. $6 B. $ 30 C. $ 20 D. $ 36,2009福建卷，B篇,Foreign drivers will have a pay on-the-spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried our next month. If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will clamped（扣留）until they pay law takes effect ,because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty , In practice, very few foreign drives are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases. 61. The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be forted up to . A. 60 B. 300 C. 900 D. 980 解析：计算题。由第一和第二自然段的大意可知本题选D，即当场不能交罚款的外国司机罚款的费用是900+ 80=980英镑。,排列顺序题,要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。,Gerner manages school facilities(设施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(样品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings. 根据第二段的描述，工程的实施应按照“设计提供样品评估建设”的程序。其它程序都不符合标准的建筑要求。,People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系统) that will organize the trip around the store. If youre looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it from a list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.,Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts? a. Start the system. b. Make a shopping list. c. Find the things you want. d. Go to a self-checkout stand. A. abdc B. bacd C. acbd D. bcad,Sample V,In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙滩)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine. Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stopped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.,In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c 分析答案B. 题目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathing machine是要先付钱的，所以 c就是第一个动作，下水 f 应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 项。再看 B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选 B。,（浙江卷D篇） People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系统) that will organize the trip around the store. If youre looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it from a list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them. 54. Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts? a. Start the system. b. Make a shopping list. c. Find the things you want. d. Go to a self-checkout stand. A. abdc B. bacd C. acbd D. bcad 答案与解析：选B。细节理解题。由本段的描述可以确定第一件事是Make a shopping list（列购物清单，明确买什么）。最后一件事是Go to a self-checkout stand（去付款台（自动）付钱），排除A、 C，然后再看ab的先后顺序，排除选项D。本题也可结合自己的购物常识进行快速判断。,图表图画题,在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。解答此类试题时，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。,Bar Graphs A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts. In Graph 1 ,we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned, and the y-axis shows bow many students earned each grade .You can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement. There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this(See Graph 1).,47. What is the total number of students who earned a C or better ? A .4. B.6. C.10. D.20,图文转换题,要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按文锁图，迅速锁定相关图形，或用图形标示法，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。,Pie Graphs A typical pie graph looks like a circular pie. The circle is divided into sections, and each section represents a fraction of the data. The graph is commonly used to show percentages; the whole pie represents l00 percent, so each piece is a fraction of the whole. A pie graph might include a legend，or it might use icons or labels within each slice. This pie graph shows on months expense, (See Graph 3 ).,49. Which of the following cost Amy most ? A. Food. B. Books C. Movies D. Clothing.,表格理解题,表格阅读题需正确理解表格中所提供的内容，看懂行和列分别代表的意义，通常情况下需要对表格的项目进行比较，找准正确的计算关系尤为重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特点，而有些信息与题干无关，如通篇阅读，既缺少针对性又浪费时间，一般先读题目要求，带着问题在表格里查找相关信息，去伪存真。如考查有关数据的相互关系，这就需要对各数据进行分析，找出隐含规律，此时常用文表分析来提示其规律。,The following is about the BBC and some other broadcasting stations Britain.,1. On which radio can you hear a commercial? A. Radio 3 B. Radio 4. C. Capital Radio. D. Radio London. 答案: C 从表中第五栏中可知：有广告收入的电台即具有商业性质的电台有两家：一为伦敦广播公司(LBC)，另一为首都广播(Capital Radio)。 2. You need to listen to_for a programme on outer space. A. Radio 2 B . Radio 3 C. Radio D. LBC 答案: B 从表中第二栏知Radioa播有Science talk节目，而outer space属于Science talk，故选B,代词指代题解题技能,代词指代题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。,2015浙江高考，C篇If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the suns light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us dont