英美概况EducationinBritainandAmerica.ppt

Education in Britain and America,0.Some facts about education in Britain 1)Education is compulsory for all between the age of 5 and 16. Compulsory education A. Parents are required by law to ensure that their children receive efficient full-time education between the age of 5 and 11. B. Going or not going to school has become a matter of the law, no longer an individuals free choice. C. Government provides the education free of charge.,Education in Britain,2) The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and training of teachers. 3) Local education authorities are responsible for the payment of teachers and other staff and the provision of adequate educational facilities. 4) The bulk( 大部分) of expenditure on education comes from public funds. 5) 2 types of educational systems state schools公立学校：part of national education system Public schools (Independent schools)公学、私立学校 belong to private sector called public schools because they are seen as public alternatives to having private tutors.,1.Primary Education,1)Compulsory education begins at 5, the usual age for transfer from primary to secondary schools is 11. 2)Eleven-plus In the past children were allocated to different secondary schools on the basis of selection tests taken at the age of 11. This was known as eleven-plus. 3)Children may attend fee-paying independent schools.,2.Secondary education,1)Grammar school a. emphasizes academic studies and requires to study a wide range of subjects; b. requires pupils to get the General Certificate of education at “A” level; c. graduates are normally admitted to universities,2) Secondary Modern Schools,a. provide practical instructions which are considered to be of help in the pupils future work b. are of relatively lower academic level to train pupils into common workers c. divide students into 2 streams (classes): “A” stream and “O” level “O” level: common workers “A” level: “O” (Ordinary) Leveltransfer to Grammar School2 years study to reach “A”to enter university,3) Comprehensive Secondary School,A. takes pupils without reference to ability or aptitude B. provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.,3. Higher education,1)There are some 90 universities, including the Open University. 2) Higher education is not compulsory and students have to pay tuition and fees 3)British universities are public bodies which receive funds from central government (This differs from the U.S. which also has private universities. So far, UK has only one privately funded university-the University of Buckingham.),4)Students go to university full-time or part-time. 5)First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last 3 years. 6)Degree titles: 1st degrees include Bachelor of Art (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BSc) 2nd degrees include Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MSc), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD),0. American beliefs of and commitment to education,In the US, education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated.,1. Personal benefits American believe that, through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. 2. Social benefits Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength. 3. A “cure-all” Very often, Americans look to education as the cause of personal and national success and the cure of social and economic ills, holding the view that the future of the nation depends largely on education.,I. Characteristics of American Education,1. Rate to college and universities At present, more than half of high school graduates go on to institutions of higher learning. 2. Nature of schools, colleges and universities Some schools, colleges and universities are public and others are private. Public schools are created, financially supported and governed by states or communities. Private schools are those by religious groups, or nonreligious private organizations or individuals.,3. Characteristics of American education,3.1 Diversity-a system of no systems 3.1.1 Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. 3.1.2 This can be seen not only in the type, size and control of the institutions, but educational policies and practices. 3.1.3 Many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.,3.2 Community control 3.2.1 Education is a function of the state, not the federal government. 3.2.2 There is not a national system of education in the US. State has the freedom to develop as extensive or limited a school system as it desires. 3.2.3 The federal government influences education and contributes financially to education development, but it has no control over educational policy and practice across the states.,II. Elementary and Secondary Education,Term: Elementary and secondary education in the US last 12 year from age 6 to 18. Pattern: The typical organizational pattern for both is: the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12. Others 15 or 6, 6 or 79, 1012. Management: At the state level, there is the state board of education教育委员会 which is responsible for establishing policies. At the district level, each local school district has a governing board管理委员会 which is responsible for the hiring of professional and support staff, determining curriculum, etc.,Curriculum It mainly consists of mastery of the basics, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic 算术or mathematics. Recently, socialization (or citizenship) skills are emphasized. Different high schools-comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools Comprehensive high schools provide both academic and vocational education; Academic high schools prepare students for college; Vocational and technical schools provide for a variety of occupational and vocational education.,III. Higher education,1.Higher education in the US began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. 2.Classifications of higher education Colleges and universities in US can be divided into research universities, doctoral universities, masters comprehensive colleges and universities, liberal arts colleges offering BA degree, junior colleges and specialized institutions. 3. Functions The system of higher education in the US has 3 principal functions: teaching, research and public service.,4. Admission,How are students admitted to college? Admission to an institution is determined by each college or university. It is selective and competitive. The general standards for admission include successful completion of high school, high school grade point average and class rank. For ivy-league universities, the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)学业能力测试is needed. Open admissions What is meant by “Open Admissions”? Open admissions are also being practiced in some public institutions. Admission to these institutions requires a high school diploma or its equivalent, but in most cases, involves almost no restriction.,5. Community college,Form It is a kind of 2-year college emerged to meet the immediate need of the economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants of the times. They grant associate degrees准学士学位. Guiding principle The guiding principle of community college is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must mean equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual differences.,Role The community college as an institution is one of the most important innovations in the history of American higher education. It has played an important role in making higher education more accessible and in meeting the needs of educated adults, employees of local business, professionals requiring certification as well as community organization.,The function it performs,First, it prepares students for transferring to a BA program at a 4-year institution; Second, it provides vocational training for people who are already working or expect to be working in the future; Third, it gives remedial instruction补习 to high school students who are underprepared for college academically and adults who did not learn basic skills in elementary or secondary schools. Fourth, it offers recreational, cultural activities for adults who are not seeking regular vocational of academic skill. Fifth, it absorbs students in a 4-year program who are not qualified into a lower-status vocational program.,IV. Education Reform,1. Problems in education in the post-war years In the post-war years, American education has undergone great reform. In the 1980s, the problems in education again drew the attention of many pe