认知语言学：框架与脚本.ppt

Chapter 5,Frames and constructions,5.1 Frames and scripts,contents,Frame and perspective,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,From frames to scripts:flying on a plane,The restaurant script,Frame and perspective,The notion of frame was introduced into linguistics by Charles Fillmore in the middle of the 1970s based on his by now classic example, the “commercial event “ frame.,Figure5.1 The BUY frame(after Fillmore 1977a:104),buy,Frame and perspective,Examples: (1) David bought an old shirt from John for ten pounds.,(2) John sold an old shirt to David for ten pounds.,(3) John charged David ten pounds for an old shirt.,(4) David paid ten pounds to John for an old shirt.,In this sentence all four components of the BUY frame are,The assignment of syntactic roles is governed by the choice of the verb buy, which is the syntactic perspective.,Frame and perspective,The notion of perspective relies on the principle of prominence, that is on figure/ground segregation.,The BUY frame is not just a useful tool for the syntactic description of the verb buy, but it can also be applied to the verbs sell, charge and pay. The difference between the four verbs is simply a change of perspective within the same frame.,Frame and perspective,Frame and perspective,The two verbs buy and pay describe the comercial event from the BUYERs perspective, while sell and charge perspectivize the situation from the SELLERs point of view.,Frame and perspective,This is a first sign that the frame approach goes beyond the figure and ground approach in that it pays more attention to the less prominent parts of sentences like adverbials.,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,the notion of frame,any system of linguistic choices,collections of words,choices of grammatical rules or linguistic categries,Starting out from this linguistic position, the conception of the frame notion has shifted towards a cognitive interpretation.,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,Every sentence evokes a certain cognitive perspective on a situation by the choice of the verb and the particular syntactic pattern that it governs.,The basis for perspective is mainly provided by the cognitive ability of directing ones attention.,The similarities between two approaches :the figure and ground approach & the frame and attention approach,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,the profiling of participants in an interactive network as syntactic figure and ground,the notion of perspectivizing two elements of a frame as subject and object,They rely on Fillmores early Case Grammer, and share the belief that clause patterns cannot be seen in isolation but against their cognitive background,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,The differences between the two approaches:,(1)Researches working in the frame paradigm are interested in problems related to the meaning of the verbs that belong to a frame.,(2)The frame approach presents a unified view of syntactic patterns,(3) the figure and ground approach mainly emphasizes the two prominent entities on the level of clause in the syntactic figure and the syntactic ground; however, the frame has something to say about linguistic items that attract only a small portion of our attention potential.,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,EXamples: 5.David spent ten pounds on an old shirt. 6.The old shirt cost David ten pounds.,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,Frames can be conceived as a way of describing the cognitive context which provides the background for and is associated with cognitive categories.,The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts,Frames are just one of variety of cognitive models which also include the scenarios, domains and interactive networks and the scrips .,From frames to scripts: flying on a plane,The relevence of frames extends over the boundaries of single sentences to much larger linguistic and congnitive units.,The following little story: Sue caught a plane from London to Madrid. After she had found her seat she checked whether the life vest was beneath it, but she could not find it. So she asked the flight attendant to find one for her.,Attention: the two occurrences of the definite article the.,From frames to scripts: flying on a plane,Question: Why so the two uses of the definite article sound completely naural, although they cannot be explained with the rules of grammar alone?,Explaination:We need to make inferences that are based on our world knowledge to understand the definite references.,Cognitive categories act both as anchors and as triggers for frames.,From frames to scripts: flying on a plane,Frame is in the format of categories and their terrelations that frames are designed and it is by the same categories that they are activated.,Categories is to provide default assignments by supplying context-dependent prototypes.,All these expectations that are based on our experience and stored in our long-term memory are part of the frame-system and influence our ability to produce and understand the language related to it.,From frames to scripts: flying on a plane,From frames to scripts: flying on a plane,TheFLYING ON A PLANE frame has so far been presented as if it were a motley collection of categories.,From frames to scripts: flying on a plane,A flight exhibits a very predictable temporal structure in which one stage is often a prerequisite for the next stage.,Vi