2018年高考英语热点题型和提分秘籍专题11定语从句含解析.docx

专题11 定语从句考生在定语从句的学习过程中存在着以下几个问题：(1)考生不能辨别定语从句的结构；(2)关系代词与关系副词的选择混乱，不清楚关系代词与关系副词的使用情况；(3)习惯性以翻译的方式来理解定语从句、同位语从句，而使自己陷入困境之中；(4)由于对句型结构分析不到位，经常出现代词与关系代词错用的情况。热点题型一 关系代词引导的定语从句例1、 2017北京卷 The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.Athat Bas Cwhere Dwhen 【提分秘籍】引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。1who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。2whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose名词”可用“the名词of which”或“of whichthe名词”来代替。Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？This is the house whose window broke last night.This is the house, the window of which broke last night.This is the house, of which the window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。3.which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which gave us much cool in summer.过去，院子中央的一棵古树遮成的大片树荫使我们在夏季非常凉爽。We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government，will succeed.我们希望政府采取的控制房价的措施会成功。4.指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。I have read all the books (that) you gave me.你给我的书我都已经读过了。注意：当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。 There is something that/which keeps worrying me.有一件事一直令我不安。(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词the first，the second, .，the last修饰时。This is the best film (that)I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。(3)先行词被the only，the very，the right等修饰时。The only thing that matters is to find our way home.唯一一件要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。(4)先行词既有人又有物时。They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。5在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如从句中缺少主语或宾语指物，只能用which。Our football team won the final, which made us excited.我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.过去我居住的房子变成了鞋店。热点题型二 关系副词引导的定语从句例2、 Greg decided to take some of my songs that I had recorded to a local radio station, _ he explained about my illness.【解析】考查定语从句用法。从句中不缺少主语和宾语，先行词表示地点，故用关系副词where。【答案】where【提分秘籍】 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。when表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)which。where表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)which；why表原因的介词(如for)which。1关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。when表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)which。where表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)which；why表原因的介词(如for)which。xkw1关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。The reason why I dont trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。2way和time后接定语从句的情况。(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。如：I dont like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.我不喜欢他看我的方式。(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/duringwhich”引导定语从句。如：This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。There was a time when I hated going to school.曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。热点题型三 “介词which/whom”引导的定语从句 例3 Im sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier, _ I must say, I apologize.【解析】考查定语从句用法。“I must say”为插入语，可去掉后再分析句子结构。从句中apologize后加介词才能跟宾语。根据句意可知此处需加for，表示“因而道歉”注意。apologize to sb. for sth.。【答案】for which【提分秘籍】掌握“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：1关系代词的确定在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。如：This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。2介词的位置介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。如：The house in which we live is very large.The house (which/that) we live in is very large.我们住的房子很大。This is the man from whom I learned the news.This is the man (that/whom) I learned the news from.就是这个男人，我从他那里得到的这个消息。注意：如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。如：My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding.我得照看我的小弟弟，真是让人费神。3关系代词前介词的确定(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。如：The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州以此而闻名。(be famous for)(2)根据先行词来确定。如：Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。如：Air, without which man cant live, is really important.空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(live without)4“名词/代词介词关系代词”结构此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none/the largestofwhich/whom”等。如：Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。5“复合介词短语关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。6“介词which/whom不定式”结构The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man has no house to live in.The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。热点题型四 as引导的定语从句例4、 Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film _ is bad for their mental development.【解析】考查定语从句用法。从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词，且先行词由such修饰，故用关系代词as。【答案】as【提分秘籍】1as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as。They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.他们只能读类似这样的一些简易英语改写的故事。(as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。(as作宾语)This is the same knife as I lost.这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。注意：such.as.与such.that.的区别such.as.中的as引导的是定语从句，而such.that.中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。This is such a difficult problem as all of us cant work out.这是一个我们所有人都不能解决的难题。(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)This is such a difficult problem that all of us cant work it out.这个问题很难，我们中无人能解决它。(从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。2关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别(1)位置不同as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。如：As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。There was a bank around here as I remember.我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。(2)意义不同as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样；as is well knownas is known to all众所周知；as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样；as (it) often happens正如经常发生的那样；as is often the case正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所记得的那样。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。如：He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反对这个意见。Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。(3)用法不同当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如：He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected)他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。 1.2017北京卷 The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.Athat Bas Cwhere Dwhen 【答案】A【解析】考查定语从句。先行词是 the little problems, 在从句中作 meet的宾语，故选关系代词that。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题有可能会成为伟大发明的灵感。 2.2017江苏卷 In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.Awhich Bits Cwhose Dwhom 【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。先行词the World Food Programme在非限制性定语从句中作定语，修饰名词purposes，所以用关系代词whose引导，故选C项。句意：1963年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。3.2017天津卷 My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.Athat Bwhose Chis Dwho【答案】B1.【2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A【解析】a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，whose children相当于the children of whom，故选A。2.【2016江苏】23.Many young people, most _were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams.A.of whichB.of themC.of whomD.of those【答案】C【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是Many young people，关系代词whom指代先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。故C项正确。3.【2016天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when【答案】D【解析】句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。4.【2016浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that【答案】B【解析】句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被证明了。使用定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句中用代词+介词+关系代词which引导。故选B。【考点】考查定语从句。1(2014北京卷)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _ my classmates recommended to me.【答案：】which【解析】本题考查定语从句的引导词。句意：上周我从图书馆借了本夏洛克福尔摩斯，这是我同学推荐我看的书。先行词为the book Sherlock Holmes，把先行词代入定语从句后为“My classmates recommended the book Sherlock Holmes to me.”，由此可知先行词在定语从句中作宾语，故定语从句用which引导。2(2014福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities_they can gain experience for growth. 【答案：】where3(2014湖南卷)I am looking forward to the day _ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.【答案：】when【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我盼望我的女儿能读这本书并懂得我对她的感情的那一天的到来。先行词是the day，后面是定语从句不缺少主语、宾语或表语，故用关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语。4(2014重庆卷)Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year.【答案：】which【解析】本题考查定语从句的引导词。句意：我们将在一个月之内完成年初设定的销售目标。which是关系代词，指代物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。先行词为the sales targets，定语从句中缺少宾语，把先行词代入定语从句后为“we set the sales targets at the beginning of the year”， 故用关系代词which引导定语从句，而且which也可以省略。5(2014四川卷)Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected.【答案：】which【解析】考查定语从句。句意：直到现在，我们已经为贫困儿童筹集了50 000英镑，这很出乎意料。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，并在从句中作主语，可译为“这件事”。注意：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。6(2014安徽卷)The exact year_Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.【答案：】which【解析】考查定语从句。句意：安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的确切年份是2008年。本题定语从句中的谓语动词spent为及物动词，缺少宾语，先行词为其宾语，故用关系代词which。7(2014陕西卷)Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position.【答案：】that【解析】本题考查定语从句的引导词。句意：请把你有的有关申请那个职位的人的所有信息发给我们。分析题意和句子结构可知，you have about the candidate for the position作定语修饰前面的information。选择什么样的引导词，关键是分析先行词以及定语从句中缺少什么成分。句中have是一个及物动词，由此可以看出定语从句中缺少宾语，故用关系代词。又因为information被all修饰，所以不能用which作关系代词。注意：先行词(指物)前面有the only，few，little，no，all，every，the very等词(语)修饰时，关系代词只能用that。而as引导限制性定语从句时，先行词前面一般有same，as，such修饰，如：I want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要一本和他的一样的字典。I studied in the same school as she did in Beijing. 我和她在北京的同一所学校就读。8(2014天津卷)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _uses it differently.【答案：】which【解析】考查定语从句和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，这是一个主从复合句，each of which引导非限制性定语从句。9(2014山东卷)A company_profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.10. (2014江西卷)Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.【答案：】which【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在水手们面对的很多危险中，可能最大的(危险)是雾。which引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，dangers为先行词。. 在空白处填上适当的内容。 1Ive read many stories of Lei Feng，_this is the most touching one.AwhoBof whichCof whom Dthat答案：B 解析： 考查定语从句用法。句意：我读过很多雷锋的故事，其中这个故事最令人感动。先行词为stories，代入定语从句后为：This is the most touching one of the_stories.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，先行词(stories)表示“物”，故排除C项。 2Reading books，_takes the reader to other worlds，is a wonderful way to enjoy life.Athat BwhatCas Dwhich3This was returned because the person_this letter was addressed had died three years ago.Ato whom Bto whichCwhich Dwhom答案：A 解析： 考查定语从句。句意：信件被退回来了，因为收件人三年前就去世了。address this letter to sb.把这封信寄给某人。 4On the second floor there are two rooms，_is used as a meeting room.Athe larger of whichBone of themCthe larger one of thatDthe largest of which答案：A 解析： 句意：在二楼有两个房间，其中较大的那个被用作会议室。句中没有连接词，可知逗号后为定语从句，the larger of whichand the larger of themand the larger of two rooms。B项变为and one of them才正确；定语从句中，若介词置于引导词前，则不能用that而用which，所以C项也不正确。 5Do you have anything to say for yourselves?Yes，theres one point_we must insist on.Awhy BwhereChow D/答案：D 解析： the point作介词on的宾语，因此应选用关系代词或者省略。 6Following the girl，we went into a hall，on_walls hung a few pictures of some famous scientists.Aits BwhichCwhose Dthose答案：C 解析： 考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，walls与先行词hall存在所属关系，因此关系词应该使用whose。 7These old pictures bring to their mind the college days_they spent together，_life was hard but happy。Awhen；whose Bwhich；whoseCwhich；when Dwhen；which8Everyone will go through lifes stages of ups and downs，_selfrespect plays a key role in the maturity of a person.Awhen BwhichCas Dthat答案：A 解析： 考查定语从句。句意：每个人都将经历人生的浮沉阶段，其间，自尊在一个人的成熟过程中起着关键作用。根据句意可知，后半句是定语从句，when在从句中作状语。 9There were several messages from people，most of_I didnt know，on my answering machine when I got home.Athose BwhichCwhom Dthem答案：C 解析： 考查定语从句。分析句式结构可知，如果选择A、D两项，则构成独立的分句，缺少连接词；B项关系代词which只能指代物。C项whom引导定语从句，修饰先行词people，并在从句中作of的宾语。 10The reason_he was late was_he had to send his grandma to a hospital. Athat；why Bwhy；becauseCwhy；that Dthat；because11Every summer，the beautiful town welcomes top buskers，or street performers，_theyre called，from all over the world.Aas BthatCwhich Dwhat答案：A 解析： 句意：每年夏天，这座美丽的城镇欢迎来自世界各地的优秀街头艺人，或如人们所称呼的那样，叫做街头表演者。as正如，符合句意。 12Remember that there is still one point_we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.Awhere BwhyCwhen Dthat答案：D 解析： 考查定语从句。先行词为one point，在从句中作make的宾语，所以用关系代词that/which引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语。故选D项。 13The mountain，_the peak is hardly seen，is the highest mountain in the area.Awhose BwhichCof which Dthat答案：C 解析： 考查定语从句。句意：顶峰很难被看到的那座山是当地最高的山。of which the peakthe peak of whichwhose peak。 xk*w 14That ebook is no larger than an ordinary book with a screen_you can read novels.Ain which Bof whichCthat Dwhere答案：D 解析： 句意：那本电子书有一个能读小说的屏幕，还不如一本普通的书大。根据句子结构可知空格后为where(on which)引导的定语从句，修饰先行词screen，将其代入从句后为：On_the_screen you can read novels。 15MountHuangshan is such an attractive place of interest_everyone likes to visit. Aas BthatCwhich Dwhat答案：A 解析： 先行词是place of interest，前面有such修饰，且从句中缺少visit的宾语，故A项正确。 .语篇语法填空(重点考查定语从句)Have you ever asked yourself why children go to school? You will probably say _1_ they go to learn languages, arithmetic, history, science and some other knowledge. That is quite true, _2_ why do they learn these things?We send our children to school to prepare them for the time _3_ they will be big and will have to work for themselves. Nearly everything _4_ they study at school has some practical use in their life. But is that the only reason _5_ they go to school?There is more in education than just learning facts. We go to school to learn how to learn, _6_ when we have left school we can continue to learn.A man _7_ really knows how to learn will always be successful, _8_ when he has to do something new, he will not only be able to do it well himself, he will also be able to teach others how to do it in the best way. The person _9_ is uneducated, on the other hand, is either unable to do something new, or just does it badly. The purpose of schools, _10_， is not to teach languages, arithmetic, history, science，etc., but to teach pupils the way to learn.1_2._3._4._5_6._7._8._9_10._本文讲述的是我们为什么要上学以及教育的目的。1that引导宾语从句，从句不缺少成分也不缺少意思，所以用连接词that。2but因为前面有分号，所以是简单句构成的句群，句子不缺少成分，根据意思用but。3when关系副词引导定语从句，从句不缺少主语和表语，先行词是the time，所以用when。4that引导定语从句，从句缺少study的宾语且先行词是everything，所以用that。5why引导定语从句，从句不缺少成分，先行词是“reason”，所以用why。6so that引导目的状语从句，根据句子之间的逻辑关系是“因此，所以”，所以用so that。7who引导定语从句作从句主语，修饰前面的“A man”，所以用who。8because引导原因状语从句，根据句子之间的逻辑关系是“因为”，所以用because。9who/that引导定语从句作从句主语，修饰前面的“The person”，所以用who/that。10therefore分析句子得知是简单句，在主语和谓语之间，根据意思是“因此”，且前后有逗号，所以用therefore。.阅读理解When I asked my motherinlaw to select which meals shed like me to order from the homedelivery menu, she only chose the ones her husband would like. This goes way beyond politeness. She is actually feeling uncomfortable voicing what she wants. She developed the main symptom of Askers Syndrome that ones unable to ask for what one wants.Its not just older women who have this problem. Askers Syndrome can strike the young. I have single friends who wont ask a man out on a date because they fear being considered “too forward”. My fiveyearold daughter Violet is showing the early stages of Askers Syndrome. Shes learned that women dont ask, but rather drop hints. Shell say，“Remember last Sunday afternoon we went to the park？” rather than “Can we go to the park？”Apart from women and girls problematic re