科技论文中的时态.ppt

Verb Tense in Scientific writting,Members： 郭见桥 许安华 侯孝龙 张豪龙 俞国勋 宋波,Team： Acceleration,The necessary for proper use of verb tenses,构成英语句子的核心是其谓语，而谓语的关键是所用动词的时态。因此，在进行英文文字加工的过程中，必须对谓语动词的时态给予特殊的关注,The core of the English sentence is verb and the key of the verb is the proper use of tenses. So,in the process of conducting the English text ，we should give special attention to verb tenses。,a bad news a good news,Bad news:Tense english (l6种),1. the present tense 一般现在时 2. the past tense 一般过去时 3. the future tense 一般将来时 4. the Present Perfect Tense 现在完成时 5. the Past Perfect Tense 过去完成时 6. the past Continuous Tense 过去进行时 7. the future continuous tense 将来进行时 8. the past future continuous tense 过去将来进行时,9. the past future tense 一般过去将来时 10. the present continuous tense 现在进行时 11. the future perfect tense 将来完成时 12.the past future perfect tense 过去将来完成时 13. the present perfect continuous tense 现在完成进行时 14.the past perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 15. the future perfect continuous tense 将来完成进行时 16.the past future perfect continuous tense 过去将来完成进行时,good news,In scientific paper writing ,there are only two kinds of tense -the present tense and the past tense being used frequently .Sometimes ,you will say“ hi“ to the the future tense , the Present Perfect Tense( 现在完成时) and the Past Perfect Tense (过去完成时). 但在英语科技论文中用得较为频繁的只有两种：即一般现在时和一般过去时。现在完成时、过去完成时和一般将来时有时也会用到。,something important in textbook (p191193),1. whenever you state previously published findings,ethics requirres you to treat the work with respect.you do this by using the present tense.,because when a scientific paper has validly published in a primary journal ,it thereby becomes knowledge. when you are referring to established knowledge you would do this just as you would say “The Earth is round.“,1.2 but if previously published results have been poven false by later experiments,the use of past rather than present tense would be appropriate. 例子：Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines（偏头痛） because they were “the weaker ,“ but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.,2. Your own present work must be referred to in the past tense . Your work is not presumed to be established knowledge until after it has been published .,Tense in IMRAD,1.Most of the Abstract should be in the past tense ,because you are referring to your own present results. Likewise, the Materials and Methods and Results shoud be in the past tense ,as you described what you did and what you found .,2.On the other hand much of the Introduction and much of the Discussion should be in the present tense ,because these often emphasize previously established knowledge . Sometimes in the last of the paper you will find a short part named Conclusions.In this part you will summarize your study briefly .So most of this paragraph would use the past tense .,Abstract（摘要）,摘要也称为内容提要，是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述.应将论文的研究体系、主要方法、重要发现、主要结论等，简明扼要地加以概括。一般100250个英文单词,摘要的构成要素：,研究目的准确描述该研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围和重要性。 研究方法简要说明研究课题的基本设计，结论是如何得到的。 结果简要列出该研究的主要结果，有什么新发现，说明其价值和局限。叙述要具体、准确并给出结果的置信值。 结论简要地说明经验，论证取得的正确观点及理论价值或应用价值，是否还有与此有关的其它问题有待进一步研究，是否可推广应用等。,摘要中的时态： 介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容是普遍事实，应使用现在式；如果句子的内容为对某种研究趋势的概述，则使用现在完成式。 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时，如果采用“论文导向”，多使用现在式（如：This paper presents.）；如果采用“研究导向”，则使用过去式（如：This study investigated.）。,概述实验程序、方法和主要结果时，通常用过去式如：we evaluated a new application of guayule resin as a plant-based material for use in the microencapsulation of bioactive volatiles for non-food purposes.。 叙述结论或建议时，可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词，如：We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have.。,Introduction（引言）,主要叙述自己写作的目的或研究的宗旨，使读者了解和评估研究成果。主要内容包括：介绍相关研究的历史、现状、进展，说明自己对已有成果的看法，以往工作的不足之处，以及自己所做研究的创新性或重要价值；说明研究中要解决的问题、所采取的方法，必要时须说明采用某种方法的理由；介绍论文的主要结果和结构安排,引言的时态运用,叙述有关现象或普遍事实和对其他人研究成果的引用时，句子的主要动词多使用现在时，如：“little is known about X”或“little literature is available on X”。描述特定研究领域中最近的某种趋势，或者强调表示某些“最近”发生的事件对现在的影响时，常采用现在完成时，如：“few studies have been done on X”或“little attention has been devoted to X”。,Materials and Methods（材料和方法）,说明实验的对象、条件、使用的材料、实验步骤或计算的过程、公式的推导、模型的建立等。对过程的描述要完整具体，符合其逻辑步骤，以便读者重复实验。对方法的描述要详略得当如果方法新颖、且不曾发表过，应提供所有必需的细节；如果所采用的方法已经公开报道过，引用相关的文献即可,时态与语态的运用：,若描述的内容为不受时间影响的事实，采用一般现在时，如： A twin-lens reflex camera is actually a combination of two separate camera boxes。 若描述的内容为特定、过去的行为或事件，则采用过去式，如：The work was carried out on the Imperial College gas atomizer, which has been described in detail elsewhere4,5。,Results（结果）,本部分描述研究结果，它可自成体系，读者不必参考论文其它部分，也能了解作者的研究成果本部分还可以包括对实验结果的分类整理和对比分析等。,时态的运用：,指出结果在哪些图表中列出，常用一般现在时，如：Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time.。 叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实，所以通常采用过去时，如：After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain.。,对研究结果进行说明或由其得出一般性推论时，多用现在时，如：The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.。 不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较时，多采一般现在时（这种比较关系多为不受时间影响的逻辑上的事实），如：These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al.。,Discussion（讨论）,讨论的内容主要有：回顾研究的主要目的或假设，并探讨所得到的结果是否符合原来的期望？如果没有的话，为什么？适当简要地回顾研究目的并概括主要结果，但不能简单地罗列结果，因为这种结果的概括是为讨论服务的。概述最重要的结果，并指出其是否能支持先前的假设以及是否与其他学者的结果相互一致；如果不是的话，为什么？对结果提出说明、解释或猜测；根据这些结果，能得出何种结论或推论？指出研究的限制以及这些限制对研究结果的影响；并建议进一步的研究题目或方向；指出结果的理论意义（支持或反驳相关领域中现有的理论、对现有理论的修正）和实际应用。,时态的运用：,回顾研究目的时，通常使用过去时。如：In this study, the effects of two different learning methods were investigated. 如果作者认为所概述结果的有效性只是针对本次特定的研究，需用过去时；相反，如果具有普遍的意义，则用现在时。如： In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.。,阐述由结果得出的推论时，通常使用现在时。使用现在时的理由是作者得出的是具普遍有效的结论或推论（而不只是在讨论自己的研究结果），并且结果与结论或推论之间的逻辑关系为不受时间影响的事实。如：The data reported here suggest (These findings support the hypothesis, our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.。,Conclusions（结论）,对全文进行总结，其主要内容是对研究的主要发现和成果进行概括总结，让读者对全文的重点有一个深刻的印象。有的文章也在本部分提出当前研究的不足之处，对研究的前景和后续工作进行展望 时态应用：常用过去是。,Thanks for listening,一般现在时,一般现在时是科技文章中最常见的时态，主要有三种用法。,A.叙述一般过程,A scientist observes carefully. applies logical thought to his observations and tries to find relationships in data.,B叙述客观事实或科学定理,Sound travels through the air in waves.,C.通常或习惯发生的行为,一般过去时,A.在撰写科技论文时，你已经完成了研究、设计、和试验工作，所以在描写自己的研究方法的章节里，在叙述研究结果的章节里，动词都应该用过去时。,We extracted tannins(鞣酸) from the leaves by bringing them to a boil in 50% methanol.,一般将来时,表示将来会发生的行为或情况,Electronic products will become more and more miniaturized because of the increase of inter .,B.在引用别人已完成的工作时，动词时态用过去时。,Smith (2008) reported that adult respondents in his study remembered 30 percent more than children.,Previous research showed that children confuse the source of their memories more often than adults (Lindsey et al., 1991).,现在完成时,现在完成时在科技论文中应用也比较广泛，表示已经发生的事实,During the part few years，several countries have pooled（开发利用） their resources in order to carry out certain scientific investigation more efficiently.,The September 11 terrorist attacks have caused great compact on the global economy.,C.当描述一些已经过时或失效的科研结果时，动词要使用过去时。,Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines（偏头痛） because they were “the weaker ,“ but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.,注意这里从过去时态过渡到现在时态,example 1：Abstract,Microcapsules and beads were prepared by inverse gelation and oil emulsion entrapment, respectively. The formulations for entrapping volatile compounds (linalool or arvone)consisted of blends of alginate and starch with or without the addition of guayule resin at 1%. The volatile release rate was measured over a 14-day period, and the capsule walls were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).,example 2: Introduction,Additionally, the resinous material can be solvent extracted and used to impregnate wood with the crude resin extract so that the wood is protected against destructive organisms (Nakayama, 2005). Other authors (Gutirrez et al.,1999) have identified argentone, partheniol (sesquiterpenes) and incanilin (triterpene) as the active products in the resin that areantifeedants and toxic to insects.,example 3：Materials and methods,The alginate solution was continuously stirred at 450 rpm to avoid agglomerations, and the microcapsule curing time was15 min. Capsules were filtered with a wire-mesh, washed with distilledwater, and allowed to air-dry at room temperatur