《衔接与翻译》PPT课件.ppt

第十二章 衔接与翻译,（一）衔接的定义 衔接（cohension）是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。衔接（cohension）这个概念是由韩礼德于1962年首次提出的，后来他在与哈桑（Halliday & Hasan,1975）合著的英语中的衔接（Cohesion in English）一书中又把衔接届定为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的内在关系”。,（二）衔接的分类,衔接,词汇衔接（lexical cohesion),照应（reference),省略（ellipsis),替代(substitution),连接词语 conjunction,（三）英汉语衔接方式的差异,1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。英语语法比较严密，重“形合”。因而，英语多用连接词语，而且这些连接词语出现频率也非常高，其中不仅包括连词and,or,but,副词 there for, hence, 关系代词或副词which, that, 还包括短语 in short, for example 等等，句子（分句）之间的连接由这些词语来实现。,而汉语则重“意合”，即通过意义来连接而不一定要依赖连接词语。汉语中虽然也有一些连接词，但在表达中，人们常常表现出一种少用或不用连接词的趋势。 2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。汉语在表达上富有弹性，许多逻辑关系靠意义来表达，语法处于次要地位。汉语的省略只求达意，不考虑语法。汉语最常用的省略是主语的省略，谓语的省略较少。,英语中的省略多数伴随着形态或形式上的标记，可以从形式上看出，即借助时态标记或情态标记等语法手段将某些动词省略；而汉语则通过原词重复或其他词汇手段来表达意义。英语有词的曲折变化形式，所以名词性替代词有单复数形式的区别，动词性替代词有时态的形式变化。汉语替代的频率低于英语，往往用原词复现的方式来起衔接作用。,3.对英汉互译的启示。根据上述对比，在英汉互译的过程中，原文中的一些符合目的语语篇要求的衔接手段，在译文中可以保留，而对不符合目的语语篇要求的衔接手段，需要做适当的调整和转换，以便使译文连接自然。,The sacred cows in India are well known. Cows can go everywhere they want to in the street of India, and they can eat anything they want to from the supplies of the foodsellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologist believe that there are reasons for it. First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.,印度尊崇牛为神物是众所周知的。在印度的街道上，牛爱上哪儿就上哪儿，它们可以在街上随意吃食物摊上的任何东西。结果牛就成了一个问题。然而，在印度没有人会杀牛或吃牛肉。这么做是忌讳的。对别的民族来说这种风俗似乎很奇怪，但是人类学家相信这是有原因的。首先，印度农民需要牛来帮助耕地，所以牛很宝贵。其次，牛粪可以肥田。在印度，许多农民没钱买肥料。第三，牛粪晒干可以当柴火。因此，杀牛吃肉的农民很快就会发现他们再也没法耕地，也没有牛粪肥田或生火做饭了。,（四）词汇衔接,词汇衔接,同义衔接 synonymy,组合衔接 colocation,同义词 synonym,近义词 near-synonym,上义词 superordinate,下义词 hyponym,概况词 General word,1.词汇衔接： 指运用词语达到语篇衔接目的的手段。 2.同义衔接： 指运用同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概况词等所构成的词汇链。,3.组合衔接： 词语一旦进入语篇生成过程，它们便不再是一个个孤立的词语，它们的意义也不在是字典上所罗列的孤立的、静态的意义。词语的意义是不同词语组合的结果，是受不同的上下文，或者说语言语境的制约而生成的。语篇中的词语处于一种动态的组合状态中，它们的意义是相互紧密衔接的，这便是所谓的组合衔接。,Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who read books,the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mothers and daughters.Like the menfolk, they fretted about money, they scrimped and made-do. But, when the pay stopped coming in, they were not the ones who had failed. Nor did they have to go to war, and that seemed to me a blessed fact. By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church.,上大学之前，我所认识的对艺术、音乐或文学感兴趣的人，爱读书的人，看上去优雅自在、安闲自得得人，统统都是做母亲和做女儿的。像男人一样，女人也为钱发愁，也省吃俭用，凑合度日。但是如果家里断了收入，问题并非出在她们身上。她们用不着去打仗，这在我看来是一桩幸事 (?)。跟做父亲的那种狭窄、紧张的生活相比，我觉得做母亲的日子过得比较宽松自在。她们上邻居家门，去城里买东西，到学校、图书馆、教堂跑跑腿儿。,There is nothing in the high comedy of the world so admirably as the special department called Fame. 在这个极富色彩的人间喜剧舞台上，还没有什么能比作“名声”的这一特别场景（剧目）更让人叹为观止。,上义词,下义词,It is a very long time since I attended a Mass. In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing , with a crowd of real worshippers; and because of the shrine, those who come to church include the paralyzed, the crippled, the blind, the deformed, the dying, a terrible parade 我已很久没做弥撒了。在这个万人朝拜的圣城，你能亲眼目睹到真正的场面，善男信女，蜂拥而至，又由于这里供着神龛，到教堂来做弥撒的人群中，有的半身不遂，有的瘸腿跛足，有的双目失明，有的肢缺体残，有的奄奄一息，这一行列，另人目不忍睹,（五）照应（reference）,1.照应的定义：一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。 2.照应的分类：,照应,人称照应（personal reference),指示照应（demonstrative reference),比较照应（comparative reference),分句照应 (clausal reference),Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true? Psychologists have found theyre pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits -and old sayings-die hard.,原译：谚语是前人传下来的宝贵财富，它们受人珍视并世代相传。我们认为那些洗练的警句概括了永恒的智慧，不过它们是否全是货真价实、字字珠玑呢？心理学家发现有的说得对，有的就不对。这种情况至今未变，说到底，你们知道它们讲的内容都是古老的习惯，陈旧的论调，一成不变的。,心想事成,Proverbs- these pithy phrases- truisms-they- they- they 谚语- 精炼的语句- 谚语所表达的道理-这些道理- 这些道理- 谚语,改译：谚语是前人传下来的宝贵财富，它们受人珍视并世代相传。我们认为那些洗练的警句概括了永恒的智慧，不过它们是否全是货真价实、字字珠玑呢？心理学家发现有的说得对，有的就不对。然而，这些道理却仍被广为接受。说到底，还是谚语里那句老话：老习惯难除-老谚语还不是一样。,The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead. 病人摇了摇头，把手向婴儿伸去。医生把孩子放到她怀里。她吻了吻孩子的前额。,“But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavour to conceal it, he must find it out.” “Perhaps he must ,if he sees enough of her.” -Jane Auten: Pride and prejudice,译文1： -“如果一个女人爱上了一个男人，而又不故意瞒着它的话，他一定会发现它的。” -“如果他经常见到她的话，他或许会的。” 译文2： -“假如一个女人爱上了一位男子，只要她不着意隐瞒自己的感情，那位男子一定能察觉到。” -“倘若双反接触频繁，他或许总能看得出来。”,(六) 省略(ellipsis),省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。省略是在简洁和清晰两者间的一种协调。它往往包括名词性省略（nominal ellipsis)、动词性省略(verbal ellipsis)和分句性省略(clausal ellipsis)。,Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。,A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men. 要了解一个人，可以看他交什么样的朋友，可以看他看什么样的书，因为有的人跟人交朋友，有的人跟书交朋友，但不管跟人交朋友还是跟书交朋友，都应该交好朋友。,(七) 替代（substitution）,替代指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。它分为名词性替代（n