（江苏专用）2019年高中英语Unit2PeopleonthemoveSectionⅣGrammar.docx

Section Grammar & Writing段落的组成部分段落是由若干个彼此关联的句子构成的，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落发展方向的。当然，段落并没有固定的模式。在实践中，我们常常碰到各种各样的段落，有些仅仅充当导语或结束语，有些仅仅起过渡作用，这种段落便不可能也不必要包含完整的思想内容。要写出一篇好文章，我们就必须了解一些结构完整的段落的写法，掌握一些组成段落的基本知识。结构完整的段落大多由三部分组成：一、主题句主题句是概括段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在。所以，写好主题句是写好段落的前提。1段落主题句的位置及其作用主题句通常由主题和作者的观点两部分组成，作为段落传递信息的出发点，简明扼要地告诉读者段落的线索和范围。但是，主题句的位置并不是固定不变的，它可以位于段首，也可以位于段中、段尾。主题句位于段首的情况比较多见。段首主题句开门见山，直接点明段落主题，有助于确定段落的主线，使各个发展句围绕段落主题自然展开；段尾主题句具有结论作用，是对前面句子的归纳总结。请看下面各例：Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in ones studies or career vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother has. In a word, people have different ideas on it. 本段的主题句Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in ones studies or career vary widely.放在段落的开头，开门见山地点明主题，使读者很容易抓住本段的写作主线：对学业或事业成功的因素所持的各种不同的观点和看法。Give students a chance to grow. Do you mold them from one of a thousand patterns? Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow; do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all, do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.在这个段落中，主题句先不出现，而是先举出许多具体的例子，在段落结尾时才予以归纳，得出中心结论：Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.这样的段落结构容易产生悬念，从而收到特殊的表达效果。但是，主题句有时也可能出现在段落中间，或者根本就没有明显的段落主题句。2段落主题句的写作方法主题句的作用是要告诉读者该段的主题思想，该段将围绕这个主题思想逐步展开、定义、论述、分类、解释和举例说明等。所以，段落主题句中必须包含一个主导思想，这是一个等待发展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。同时，段落主题句不能写得太笼统，也不能涉及面太窄。一个段落的容量是有限的，如果主题句限定范围太宽，其内容就无法在一个段落中阐述清楚；如果限定范围太窄又不利于段落的发展。段落主题句所限定的内容必须符合段落写作的目的，有助于段落的展开和抒发。例如：Television is very important.这个句子太宽泛，没有表达一个清楚的主题思想，作主题句不大合适。可以改为：Television plays an educational role in our daily life.Big cities have traffic problems.这个句子如果用作主题句也没有表达出明确的主题思想，范围限得过宽，抓不住段落主线，不好下笔扩展段落。可改为：Traffic problems in big cities are serious, which can be found in several ways.二、扩展句扩展句是用来支持或说明主题句的，是段落主题句的延伸和扩展，起着辅助主题句、扩展段落中心的作用，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细解释，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。扩展句一般要具备如下特点：(1)清晰、详实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想；(2)条理分明，脉络清晰。上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。一个段落通常有若干个扩展句。这些扩展句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务；也可以在一级扩展句之下用二级扩展句来支持一级扩展句，从而构成扩展句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的扩展句时，必须要合理地安排它们，既要做到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑，又要做到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句，为主题句服务；同时还要注意一级扩展句、二级扩展句等和主题句之间的关系。一级扩展句为主题句服务，二级扩展句支持一级扩展句来说明或论证主题句。在写作中常用的关联词有：for example, for instance, furthermore, firstly, secondly, thirdly, on the other hand, however等。三、结尾句结尾句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用以对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。结尾句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与扩展句相关联。结尾句所表达的意思跟主题句一致，但句子结构和用词都不一样。但是并非任何段落都必须有结尾句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些较短的段落中只有主题句没有结尾句。考题印证(2012陕西高考)根据短文内容，从下框的AF选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余项。Speaking to a group can be difficult, but listening to a bad speech is truly a tiresome task especially when the speaker is confusing. Dont want to confuse your audience? Follow these suggestions：61.When it comes to understanding new information, the human brain needs a little time. First, we hear the words; then, we compare the new information to what we already know. If the two are different, we need to pause and think. But a breathless speaker never stops to let us think about what he or she is saying and risks confusing us. Slow it down. And breathe.62.Sometimes we all start a sentence one way and then switch directions, which is very difficult to follow. When you confuse your listeners with opposing information, you leave the audience wondering what part of the information is right and what part they should remember. Instead of relying on keeping correcting yourself, work to get the facts clear and straight.63.Jumping from point to point as it comes to your mind puts the onus (责任)on your listeners to make up for your lack of organisation. And its confusing for them to listen, reorganise, and figure out what youre saying all at once. But going smoothly from one point to the next helps them understand information more easily. You can arrange things from beginning to end, small to large, top to bottom or by some other order. Just be sure to organise.64.Repeated use of um, ah, like, you know and some other useless noises can drive an audience crazy. It makes the speaker sound uncertain and unprepared, and it can leave listeners so annoyed that they cant pay attention. Recently I attended a speech that was marked by so many ums that audience members were rolling their eyes. Was anybody grasping the intended message? Um, probably not.65.Many speakers finish up their speeches with questionandanswer (Q & A) sessions, but some let the Q & A go on without a clear end. The audience is often left confused about whether the meeting is over and when they can get up and leave. Do your listeners a favour by setting a time limit on questions, and close your speech with a specific signal even if its something simple like, “If you have any more questions, you know where to reach me.”Or even more to the point, conclude your speech with “Thanks for your time. ”答案：6165ECAFDPhotographs are everywhere. They decorate(装饰) the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories.Reporting the news through photos is called photojournalism. At times photojournalists tell their stories through a single picture. At other times, they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a chapter in a book, which can do more than record the facts. It can also be a strong force for social change.As historical and artistic documents(文献), photos can become more important over time.上面这段文字中，1主题句有：(1)_(2)_2扩展句有：(1)_(2)_3结尾句是：_参考答案与提示1(1)Photographs are everywhere.(2)Reporting the news through photos is called photojournalism.2(1)They decorate the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature.(2)At times photojournalists tell their stories through a single picture. At other times, they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a chapter in a book, which can do more than record the facts.3As historical and artistic documents, photos can become more important over time.建议信假如你是李华，你的好朋友王平给你写信咨询应如何正确读书，请结合你的读书经验给他写一封信。内容包括以下要点：1所读书籍难度要适中，偏难、偏易均不宜。若发现一本书太难，不妨先放在一边，换一本容易些的读；2读书固然要读自己感兴趣的书，但更要读对自己有益的书；3有的书匆匆浏览便可；有的则需细读、精读，更要随时记笔记；4不要羞于问问题，任何比你懂得多的人都是你的老师；5勤查词典。词典是你最好的老师。注意：1.词数：120左右；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Wang Ping，Im glad to receive your letter asking for my suggestions on how to read books correctly. To read successfully requires correct ways of reading. Here are some suggestions.Firstly, choose books which are neither too difficult nor too easy for you. If you find it too hard to go on with the book, just put it aside for the moment and change for an easier one. Secondly, choose books that not only interest you but also benefit you, since reading is not always for fun only. Some books are to be read roughly, but some must be read slowly and carefully. Dont forget to take some notes whenever you feel it necessary. Thirdly, dont be shy to ask questions. Anyone who knows more than you do can be your teacher. Finally, do make good use of dictionaries, as dictionaries are your best teachers.I do hope my suggestions are helpful to you. Best wishes.Yours sincerely，Li Hua文章结构严谨，逻辑清楚，语言得体，符合建议信格式。第一段：引出话题。第二段：提出具体建议。第三段：总结。亮点一：句用不定式短语作主语，句用it作形式宾语，另外，句中短语neither.nor.及句中not only.but also.等的巧妙运用，使得语句灵活多变，展现了作者较深的英语文字功底。亮点二：、句中定语从句，、句中状语从句及句中宾语从句的运用得体，使文意表达清楚严谨。亮点三：句用助动词do进行强调，表明作者提建议的态度真诚恳切。如何写建议信建议信是常用的书信形式之一，主要用来和收信的一方交流自己对某一问题的看法并提出自己的合理化建议，从而使对方参考或接受。建议信一般采取三段式结构：首段，提一提来信中的事情，自然引入要谈论的话题。第二段，针对来信中的问题，提出自己的合理化建议。在表达自己的建议时要有的放矢、切中要害，力求简洁扼要。在说理的过程中要尽量站在对方的角度客观地分析问题，努力做到逻辑分明，理由充分。末段，简洁地提出希望自己的建议对其有所帮助或是表达自己良好的祝福。1.在表述建议时有很多常用的语言，我们可以熟记于心并灵活运用。Here is my advice./My advice for you is this/My advice is that. /My advice is as follows /What I suggest is that/It is suggested that. /I suggest that.2在书信中还有一些常用的句式，能使你的写作增色不少。Thanks so much for your letter, which arrived.I will appreciate it if you can.I would also like to know if you can/could.You have no idea how excited I was when I received your letter! I was nearly crazy.I look forward to hearing from you.假设你是高中生李越，有感于校园中存在的随意涂写(to scribble)和乱丢垃圾(to litter)的行为