科技英语基础知识.ppt

科技英语基本知识,科技英语简介（Instruction）,有较多的科技专业词汇，词义单纯，一词一义 机械工程：Shaper（牛头刨床） turret lathe （转塔车床、六角车床） 电子技术：alternating current（交流电） 单词在一般英语和科技英语里可能有不同意思 envelop（信封；包络、机壳）normal（正常的；法线，当量） Bug（臭虫；故障）develop（发展；研制、设计） 创造新词 telesat（通讯卫星）electrofax（电子摄影） 大量使用缩写词 D.C.（direct current）N.C.（numerical control）,词汇方面：（Vocabulary） 词义、词源、构词法等方面存在某些独特之处,常用较长的名词词组 Machine control systems designing techinque Wheel and axle mechanical advantage computation problems（差动滑轮机械效益计算问题） 许多来自希腊语或拉丁语的科技术语 Mathematics, electron, pneumatic Focus, radius 科技词汇的构造都比较有规律 Metal-metallic-metalline-metalliferous-metallography-metallographic-metallographer,词汇方面：（Vocabulary）,长句较多，但结构不离奇，句型变化幅度不大；长句较多主要由于大量短语和从句作为修饰成分； 动词的被动语态用的很多 科技英语里所用的动词时态不过七、八种，都比较简单 科技英语中，间接宾语用的较少 （主语）补语、独立分词短语、“It isthat”强调结构、动词的虚拟语气用的较多,语法方面：（Grammar） 属于书面语言，语法结构比较严谨，条理清楚,（主语）补语、独立分词短语、“It isthat”强调结构、动词的虚拟语气用的较多 Such a machine is called a driller. There are various kinds of metal, each having its special uses in industry. It is the potential difference that makes the electric current flow. If air were all oxygen, even metals would burn easily.,语法方面：（Grammar）,总结： 1. 学习科技英语，除学习科技专业词汇，也必须学习普通词汇和全部的语法知识，当然可以有所侧重 2.在第一条的基础上，还必须学习一些有关翻译方面的理论与技巧 3.还应该多接触科技资料的各种文体,词汇知识（Vocabulary Knowledge）,英语词汇的各种成分 Foe-enemy, Freedom-liberty： 同义词或近义词 It is a tall building-It is a high building Electric lamps, electric wire-electrical book, eletrical engineering Machine-machinery Technique-technology see-look 反义词 1）Long-short 2）Fast -slow direct -indirect -loose -divert, deflect 3）Quick- slow Fast- 4）A tall house-a low house A tall man-a short man,英语词汇的一般知识：（Common Knowledge）,同音异义词、同形异义词、同音同形异义词（与多义词不同） see-sea coarse-course week-weak lead-li:d led tear-ti t wind-wind waind Bear, light, base 近形词 internal-interval Unit-Unite through-thorough-though-thought 单义词、多义词 1）metallic, cam, turbine 2）power, board,几个词结合起来，构成一个成语，意义与各个词的本来语义大不相同，只能作为生词来记忆 In apple-pie order on ones beam-ends,成语与固定用法（Idiom & Fixed Usage）,词组的意义多少是原来各词意义的相加，按习惯固定配合使用，为固定用法 1）介词短语：infact, as a rule, in a minute, for the purpose of 2）动词组合： take place, make sure, take note (of), be aware (of) 3）动词（或其他词）与介词（或副词）的搭配关系：rely on, reliance on, ignorant of 4）动词与名词的搭配：achieve successes, make a mistake, do justice, take measures 5）形容词与名词、或副词与动词的搭配：fine feed, foreign matter, crude oil, try hard, snow heavily 6）其它固定用法：make up ones mind, as far as is concerned, to and fro, ratherthan, not onlybut also 固定用法对正确分析一个句子，有重大的关系 1）The successful operation of a lathe depends to a great extent and sometimes to a very great extent on the grinding of the tools 2）Metals are so useful in all branches of industry, including such fundamental industries as machine-building, ship-building and national defence, that their importance can scarcely be over-emphasized. 3） Efforts to automatize industrial plants in different fields,which have been made in the recent years, have turned out to be quite successful.,英语谜语或脑筋急转弯（Riddles）,Q: Why did the man throw the butter out the window?,A: He wanted to see the butterfly.,A: His horses name is Tuesday.,Q: A man rode into town on Tuesday. Two days later he rode home on Tuesday. How is this possible?,Homework 1. Please explain the following idioms in English roister 2. Please translate the paragraph below in Chinese One no-bake approach, called the shell core process, is similar in principle to the shell molding process. Like shell molding, shell coring produces a hard, smooth and accurate surface. Sand, containing a thermosetting resin, is blown into a heated corebox. After a brief curing period, any loose, uncured sand is dumped out. The resulting shell core is hollow. Thickness of the core depends on the curing time: the longer the cure, the thicker the shell. Because the core is cured in the corebox, driers used in the oven-baking process are unnecessary. For shell coremaking, the corebox must be heated to 400500F. Hence the corebox must be made of metal.(P366),机械工程英语,Mechanical Engineering English,英汉翻译知识（Tips）,翻译实际上就是根据两种语言的不同，做出相应的处理，将一种语言所表达的某一意义内容用另一种语言表达出来； A）两者的词汇不同 Machine-机器；electricity-电； Machine-machines; develop-develops-developed-is developed B）两者的句子结构不同 A hydropress is a press operated by hydraulic pressure. 液压机是靠液压工作的压力机。 C）两者的习惯表达方式不同 第三层楼-the second floor（英式英语）. 优点很多-There are many good points.,英译汉的一般知识：（Common Knowledge）,N2 is less dense than air.-,氮比空气更不密。,氮的密度比空气小,When the circuit increases in length- When the length of the circuit increases,翻译的任务在于通过一种语言的词汇、语法结构、习惯表达方式理解句子的意义内容之后，以另一种语言的词汇、语法结构、习惯表达方式将该意义内容表达出来，决不能根据一些词汇或语法的表面现象从一种语言直接跳跃到另一种语言： A）错误一：只着重词汇方面 The production of aluminum is second only to that of iron and steel. B）错误二：根据一些专业知识去猜想或拼凑其意义 Even metal plates can be pierced through by laser beam. C）错误三：忽略了习惯表达方式 Mild steels are not so hard as high- or medium-carbon steels. Silver is the most conductive metal. Medium-carbon steels contain more carbon than mild steels. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.,英译汉的一般知识：（Common Knowledge）,铝的生产是只不过那个铁和钢的第二。,铝的产量仅次于钢铁【的产量】,平滑的金属板可以通过激光束,甚至金属板也能被激光束穿透,In conclusion, 正确的翻译应该是首先弄清词义，弄清句子结构，然后在确切理解原文的基础上，根据汉语习惯和科技特点表达出来。,英译汉，最大的问题是词义的选择（针对多义词）； A）科技专业词汇一般一词一义 Gear slotter, proton B）一类多义词：要从上下文的联系、词汇搭配、专业内容等方面进行判断，正确选择词义 Sciences develop very fast. The photographic developing process The formulas developed C）多类多义词：除参考B）以外，要先确定属于何种词类，再判断词义 People like using tapered files. (vt.) Like poles repel each other. (adj.) A planer is like a shaper in many respects. (prep.) Rubbers, wood, ceramics, and the like are good insulators. (n.) D）除考虑词汇意义外，也要考虑语法意义 Sciences develop very fast.,弄清词的意义：（Clarify the meaning ）,So, 词义的选择必须根据词在剧中的逻辑地位与语法地位来考虑，不能孤立进行，例如： The value of can be found from the following formula. A boring machine is used to bore holes.,翻译时可能会遇到词典上的词义“不够用”的情况，一方面需要在基本词义的基础上引伸出比较确切的词义（次要意义）；另也需结合单词在句中的须发地位与逻辑地位来进行（如根据词形变化赋予的语法意义） Wonderful laser tools are now available. Mechanics is the study of the motion of objects. Steel is among the strongest of all constructional materials. Semiconductors exist in nature; but men did not know much about them. The electrodes of a transistor are the emitter, the collector and the base. 翻译时要充分注意固定用法或成语,弄清词的意义：（Clarify the meaning ）,有些词与一些反义词连用时，意义却是一样的 Slow up-Slow down 有些词与一些并非明显的反义词连用时，意义却相反(如over-前缀) This point must not (should not) be overemphasized. This point can not be overemphasized.,弄清词的意义：（Clarify the meaning ）,词义与句子结构弄清以后，需用恰当的汉语表达出来；这将涉及到所谓的翻译技巧，如：省词、加词、重复、词类转换、句子成分转换、句子数量增减、全句改译等，尽量做到在正确表达原句意义的情况，译文通顺，符合汉语习惯 The fact that force and counterforce are equal and opposite can be proved in many ways.（省词、加词） The book consists of 500 pages, with many pictures in it.（重复） Conductors behave differently from insulators.（词类转换） Iron and copper, which have many good properties, are widely used in industry. （句子成分转换） Two elements combine to form water: they are hydrogen and oxygen. （句子数量减少） If not well insulated, the wire is dangerous. （全局部分改译）,用汉语确切表达：（Express Accurately ）,Tickle sb. pink Seal sb.s lips,Idioms,Riddles,1. Q: Which can move faster, heat or cold?,A: Heat, because you can catch cold.,A: Three and a half minutes.,2. Q: If it takes three and a half minutes to boil one egg, how long does it take to boil four eggs?,Homework Please translate the paragraph below in Chinese 1.A beam freely supported at the ends is called a simple beam.（P389，词义引申） 2. The procedure varies quite a lot, dependent upon the nature of the material used. （P393，句子数量增加） 3. For two wires connected in series, the current flowing through them is the same. （P391， 省词） 4.Sulfuric acid is very active. （P393， 词类转换） 5. Make sure the spindle of the tailstock is in as far as it will go.（P394， 全句大步改译）,怎样记忆词汇（Remember Tips）,词义 词类 读音与拼写 变化与用法 So, 一般的词典至少都要列出一个词的词义、词类、读音，至于用法，较大的词典也大都有说明 如：Screw skru: n. v.t.,需要记住什么：（what）,与纵横各方面有关的事物联系起来记，不要一个个单词孤立地记 反复循环记忆 China had no machine tool industry before liberation. Old China even could not produce the poorest machine tools. After liberation, under the leadership of the Party, the working people of China undertook to build an entirely new manchine manufacturing industry for China. Today, we have large and small factories and machining centers that produce all kinds of newest mechanical devices. The quality is improving and the quantiry is increasing at a great speed.,如何记住生词：（How）,词汇的翻译问题（Remember Tips）,词量的增加 A）抽象概念名词或表示动作意义名词（或动名词） Flatation, fission, solution, transmission, knurling, gearing, instrumentation, setting, loading, grounding Water may be heated to very high temperatures, but no noticeable decomposition takes place. B）根据上下文，英语句中往往会省略某些成分 The fine feeds are one third and the coarse are eight times of the normal feeds. C）英语中名词复数通常用s或es表示 Release automatic clamps of the moving members by means of selection switch 13 on the main control panel. D）英语词汇与汉语词汇的搭配关系或借代习惯不同 The lever(F1) is set at N (provided normal feed is used) E）英语词汇与汉语词汇的搭配关系或借代习惯不同 This is a record increase.,词量的增减：（Addition & Subtration）,词量的减少 A）有些动名词或表动作意义的名词与某些谓语动词连用，行为主要意义由动名词（或名词）表示时 The conveyor chains are drag-chains, they must not be tightened too much; otherwise a rapid destruction of the chain links would happen. B）为了强调或把意义叙述得更为清楚，一个词后往往用另一个意义相同的词加以说明 Loosen the outer ring nut(1), retighten the inner ring nut(2) so that the spindle can be rotated easily by hand without catching or jamming C）英语中普遍用冠词，介词、连词和代词也较多 “e” represents the electron. Its mass is very small, but it carries a negative charge on it. D）重复使用谓语动词、介词等 This drying method is the simplest and easiest with regard to the generator manipulation and with regard to the measurement. E）英语习惯，同一概念在文中重复出现时，使用一些同义词或同义结构来表达 如feature, characteristic behavior, behavior, properties,词量的增减：（Addition & Subtration）,构词手段，根据词的前缀、词根、后缀等来确定恰当的译名 Pre-deburring, unloader 还可根据上下文来确定 Jet propelled planes consumes enormous quatities of propellant. 名词转化为动词的新词 The tree trunks were tractored to the river bank to be floated down stream.,新词的翻译：（New word）,有些词在不同的场合，属于不同的词类，意义可能不同；有些形容词加-ly以后，词义有改变 A）hard To liberate oxygen fro