初中英语语法知识点.doc

初中英语语法知识点名词(1)不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆：manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth(2)单数、复数同形的名词：fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese(3) 常用复数形的名词：trousers, shoes, glasses(4) 只有复数形的名词：thanks, clothes(5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词：people, police(6) 有生命的名词所有格形式：单数名词加s，复数名词加s，不是以s结尾的复数名词加s，如： childrensroom(7) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达：如： the capital of China(8) 表示并列名词各自所有，在各名词词尾加s：如： Toms and Marys bikes (两人各自的自行车)(9) 表示并列名词共同所有，则在后一个名词的词尾加s：如： Tom and Marys mother (即Tom与Mary是兄妹)(10) 关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格：如： ten minutes walk, ten miles journey， a boats length， two pounds weight, ten dollars worth(11) 双重所有格：a friend of my fathers 形容词与副词(1) 原级，比较级，最高级词形变化： 单元音单辅音的单音节词fatfatterfattestthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottestbigbiggerbiggest 以结尾的双音节词easyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestprettyprettierprettiest 劣级比较形容词副词原级例： She is less beautiful than Mary. 两者之间用比较级，在比较级前加定冠词，三者以上用最高级例： He is the taller of the two.She is the best player of the three. 越越的表达法例： The days are getting hotter and hotter.The more you study, the more you learn. 修饰比较级的词有：much, by far, even, a little, a great deal例： She is much better now.切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。连词(1)动词与*近的主语一致：这样的连词有： or, eitheror, neithernor， not onlybut also。(2) 的用法： 作或者讲例： You or your friend has to go to the teachers office. 作否则讲例： Hurry up, or you will be late for school.(3) 与：例： He has no money and he is poor.He is poor but he is honest.介词(1)表示时间：at: 表示某一时间点如： at noonon: 表示特定的日子如： on Christmasin: 表示一段不具体的时间如： in the morning， in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如： on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring: 表示期间内的某个时期如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词如： for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇例： It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点例：I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.by: 表示动作完成期限例： Ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某动作的起始点例：I have studied English since (2) 表示地点：at: 表示较小的地点如： arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点如： arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例： Ill leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面，上方，其反意词是belowover: 表示垂直上方，其反意词是under例： The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿过如： through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例： I want to walk across the road.初中英语语法动词(1) 动词的时态： 一般现在时一般现在时的主要用法有两点：其一表示一经常发生的动作，如： I always go to school at seven. 其二表示某一真理，事实，如： The earth moves around the sun. 现在完成时现在完成时的主要用法有两点：其一表示某一动作发生于过去，并持续下来，到现在完成。如： I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束，但其影响到现在。如： I havent had my lunch. Im hungry now.与现在完成时连用的词语有：yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。其考查要点：其一： Have been表示曾经去过，如：I have been to America twice. 说此话的人应已经回到国内。而He has gone to Japan.则此人目前已到日本去了。其二：截止性动词可以有现在完成时，但不可与表示一段长度的词连用，如： The class has begun. The class has been on for five minutes. 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作，过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。如： Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 与过去时连用的时间状语有： at that time, ago, in ，just now (刚才)， last night, yesterday 一般将来时纯将来时的表示法： shall/will动词原形例： Ill leave for Shanghai this evening.表示按计划要做或可能做的事： be going to动词原形例： Im going to help you tonight.将来时的特殊表示法. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving例： Dont worry. Im coming. be about to动词原形例： He is about to leave, when the telephone rings. 状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来例： If it rains tomorrow I wont go to the party.(2) 情态动词： 能，会例： He can do it very well.：许可，可能性例： May I use your pen?：必要，禁止(多表示主观看法)例： You mustnt play with fire.：不得不(多表示客观之事)例： I have to go, because I have a meeting.与：二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉例： Could you help me?句型(1) 宾语从句：由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句例： Could you tell me where the post office is?Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的宾语)由that引出的宾语从句例： They said that they would give me some help. (that 仅作引导词)宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。例： He asked when we would leave home.(2) 状语从句：状语从句可包括：时间地点原因结果目的等状语从句。例：I will come when I am free.Im late because my bike is broken.He went so early that he got a good seat.She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。例： If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema.表示在一长动作进行过程中某一动作突然发生则长动作要用进行时态，而突发性动作要用一般时态。例： When Im reading a book， the telephone rings.(3) 反意疑问句例： She can swim across the river, cant she?Its a fine day， isnt it?Marry needs to have a rest, doesnt she?You have nothing to do, do you?He seldom does homework， does he?Dont open the door， will you?Open the door please， will you?Let us have a rest， will you?Lets go, shall we?(4) 感叹句：例What a hot day it is！How hot the weather is！不定式(1) 不定式在句中作宾语，状语：例： It has begun to rain.I want to go to the cinema.(2) 不定式与疑问词连用：例： I want to know how to work.I want to know what to do.(3) 不定式的否定句：例： He told me not to do it.省略to的不定式：例： I saw him come this morning.这样的动词有see, hear, watch等感官动词，及have(作让、使讲) make, let.英语时态1. 一般现在时与现在完成时1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）2) You read very well. (强调能力）Youve read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）5) Every time I see him, hes been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, hes been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）7) He wont come till the play begins. (演出开始时）He wont come till the play has begun.（戏已开始） 8) After I leave school, Ill go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）After I have left school, Ill go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）9) It is a long time since I saw you last. Its been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）2. 一般现在时与现在进行时1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）4) I forget him name. Im forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）5) You dont eat much. (强调胃口不大）Youre not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）6) The match starts at 7 oclock. (比较固定，不宜改变）The match is starting at 7 oclock.（可以改变）7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）8)Tom goes to college now. Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）Im telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）10) He always sleeps in the afternoon. He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）Im expecting you to phone me.（婉转）12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） Im finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)14) He always thinks of others. Hes always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)16) I hope youll give us some advice. Im hoping youll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)3. 现在完成时与一般过去时1) Ive seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里) I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)2) Whos opened the window? (窗户还在开着)Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。） 6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）8) He has been called a thinker. He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）9) Youve heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）10) Ive lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）He was already there.（当时在哪）12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）4. 过去完成时与一般过去时1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔) I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)2) I waited till I saw him. I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来) We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)4) I dont think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)I dont think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵) Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)6) Jim said he didnt know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim said he didnt know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友) They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间) He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确) I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)5. 过去进行时与一般过去时1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)2) The guests arrived.(客人已到) The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了) John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服) They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实) The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)6. 一般将来时与现在进行时1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)How long will you stay here?(表示打算)3) Shell have a baby. (表示肯定)Shes going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)4) Ill see him this evening.(表示意愿)Im seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排). 一般现在时与一般过去式1) Do you wish to see me? Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)2) Thats all I have to say.(我的话就这些) Thats all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)How did you like the film?(看完电影后)4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)5) I never like him. (没时间性)I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)7) Who is that? (哪人还在) Who was that?(人已不在场了)8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话) Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)2) Ive read the novel.(已读完) Ive been reading the novel.(还没读完)3) He has lived here for six weeks. e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)4) Have you met her lately? Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)5) Whos eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)Whos been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)9.一般现在时与过去完成时1) I hope that hell come.I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose) Summary现在完成时现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。1现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。2强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。I have already seen the film.Have you decided yet?3刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。I have just phoned him?I have visited my parents recently.4从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for 注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。I have lived here for 20 years.I have lived here since I came to this cityI have learned English since 10 years ago.He hasnt come to visit us for a few months.5从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life注意：这两句话的区别I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)We have learned so many things from you so far.I have seen any bird like this in my life.6对过去的体验和经历。常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times注意：这两句话的区别I have been to Beijing （去过北京）I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来Have you seen tiger before?I have been to Shanghai many times.规则动词的词形变化（1）陈述语气第三人称单数一般现在时形：（a）原形动词词尾+“-s”：help（帮助）helps come（来）comes（b）原形动词词尾“ch，sh，o，s，x”+“-es”：teach（教）teaches wash（洗）washesgo（去）goes kiss（吻）kisses fix（安装）fixes（c）原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时，去“y”后加“-ies”，若是“元音字母+y”，只加“-s”：study（学习）studie