2010年高考英语语法专题复习-13名词性从句.doc

名词性从句I、重点难点解析 名词性从句是历年高考的重点和难点也是热点。名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主高考资源网句的主语、宾语、表语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句（见下表）。主语从句做主语，用that，whether，what（the thing that）等连接词（原疑问词）引导宾语从句做宾语，用that（可省略），if，whether（or not），what（the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导表语从句用that（一般不省略），whether，what（the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导同位语从句用that（常用在news，thought，idea等词后），whether等连接词（原疑问词）引导一、主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如：Who will go is not important.It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.（主语从句） It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. （主语从句） It is in the morning that the murder took place.（强调句） It is John that broke the window. （强调句）2. 用it 作形式主语的结构： 句型 例子1It is 名词 从句It is a fact that 事实是 / It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识2It is 形容词 从句It is natural that 很自然/ It is strange that 奇怪的是3It is 不及物动词 从句It seems that 似乎/ It happened that 碰巧It appears that 似乎4It 过去分词 从句It is reported that 据报道/ It has been proved that已证实 It is said that 据说 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： 情况说明例句1if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 If he will come or not is unknown （误）. Whether he will come or not is unknown （正）2It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前It is said that Jiang will visit our school. （正）Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （误）3It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. （正）That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （误）4It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. （正）Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （误）5含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? （正）Is that will rain in the evening likely? （误） 二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。 情况说明例句1作动词的宾语由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略)I heard (that) he joined the army.由what, whether (if),when, where 等引导的宾语从句She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.动词间接宾语宾语从句She told me that she would accept my invitation.2作介词的宾语Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3作形容词的宾语I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.4it 可以作为形式宾语We heard it that she would get married next month.5否定的转移（若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式）I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 三表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。情况说明例句1同位语从句的功能（一般由that引导）对于名词进一步解释，The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.说明名词的具体内容， The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2同位语从句在句子中的位置有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，被别的词隔开He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.五whether, if引导名词性从句的区别： 情况说明例句1在句首引导主语从句时，只能用whetherWhether we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.2if不能引导表语从句What the doctor really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.3if 不能引导介词后的宾语从句Everything depends on whether we can make a plan that they will agree to.4如果宾语从句是否定句只能用ifI asked Pave if he hadnt decided what he would say at the meeting.5discuss 后的宾语从句只能用whether引导We discussed whether the medicine will cause side effect.注意：doubt 作“怀疑”解，后接宾语从句时，如主句是肯定的，宾语从句用whether 或if 引导；如主句是否定，宾语从句只能用that 引导。 (1) I doubt whether/ if he is fit for the job. (2) I dont doubt that he can do it very well.II、实战演练 用适当的连词填空： 1. I cant decide _ dictionary I should buy.2. Thats _ he refused my invitation.3. I am very interested in _ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.4. _ we need is more time.5. The fact _ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.6. _ and _ they will meet has not been decided yet.7. Please tell me _ you are waiting for.8. Is that _ you are looking for?9. Would you please tell me _ the nearest post office is?10. I dont know _ he will agree to the plan or not.11._ is done cannot be undone.12.Take care _ you dont make mistakes in the coming exam.13.To his surprise, the umbrella was not _ he had put. 14._ we cant get seems better than _ we have. 15._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 16._ they are most interested in is _ they can produce more and better cars.17.It doesnt matter_I rest or not.18. _I have will be yours sooner or later.19.I think it is _ youre eating too much.20.Can you make sure _ Alice has put the gold necklace?21.Do you remember _ he came?Yes, I do. He came by train.22.Mother asked me _ was wrong with me. 23_they have won the game made us excited.24. _he says in his report is a very interesting question.25.That ishe failed to arrive on time.定语从句I、重点难点解析 定语从句是英语语法中的重点。除了在语法填空中会考到，在基础写作和任务型写作中正确恰当地运用定语从句是作文得高分的关键。另外，在阅读理解中正确理解定语从句也至关重要。常见考点：1.指物时只用that 或which 的情况2.介词+关系代词3.Whose 用法及转换形式4.as 与which的区别5.指人时that 与who的区别6.如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词7.定语从句中的主谓一致问题一、定语从句的概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句，在句中起定语的作用.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词。如：The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句二、关系代词和关系副词的用法： 关系代词和关系副词又称关系词，用来引导定语从句、代替先行词并在从句中担当一个成分。其用法见下表：定语从句的关系词词例先行词充当成分例句关系代词who人主语This is the doctor who saved my life .whom人宾语She is the new student (whom) I want to tell to you .that人&物主语、宾语（指人相当于who或whom，指物相当于which）which物主语、宾语1.Please pass me the book which is lying on the table. 2.The novel (which) Tom bought is very interesting.as物主语、宾语The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.whose=of whomof which人&物定语The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams关系副词when=atinonduring which时间状语Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.where=atinto which地点状语This is the house where he lived.why=for which原因状语I know the reason why she works so well.三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标 点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who (that) whom指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which (that)指物which人和物的whose人和物的whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子四、关系词的选用1只能用that做关系代词的情况：只能用that做关系代词的情况例句1当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代词时(something除外)Pay attention to everything that I do.2当先行词被All, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时He has little time that he can spare.3当先行词被序高考资源网数词或形容词最高级修饰时This is the best novel (that) have read.4如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时They were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school.5当先行词被the only, the last, the way, the same等等修饰时This is the last time that I I want to see you.6.在疑问词who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用thatWhich of the students that knows something about history.7当定语从句为there be 句型时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略This is the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing.8当指人或物的关系代词在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略China is not the country (that) it was. 2指物只能用which 不用that的情况:只能用which 不用that的情况:例句1在非限制性定语从句中St Petersburg, which was once called Leningrad, is a very beautiful city.2在介词后面This is the room in which we lived last year.3指人时只能用who不用 that的情况: 只能用who不用 that的情况例句1先行词为one, ones，those，anyone，he时 Those who break the law must be punished.4 as与whichas与which均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as: 多用as的情况:例句1与such或the same连用时，一般用asSuch books as you read are interestingSuch money as he earned was spent on books.2as 引导的从句可以放在句首, as 表“正如.正象”之意As we all know, the earth is round.五、定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致:1.I am not one who is afraid of difficulty2.Dont choose me, who am not fit for this jobII、实战演练用恰当的关系代词或关系副词填空： 1. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.2. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily? 3. Those _ want to go please sign their names here. 4. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?5. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbour.6. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police. 7. This is the very letter _came last night. w。w 8. This is the factory _ we worked a year ago.9. Jack is pleased with what you have given him and all _ you have told him.10. Do you work near the building _ colour is yellow?11. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.12. I live in the house _ windows face south. 13. They stayed with me three weeks, _ they drank all the wine I had.14. The room _ Mr White lives is not very large. 15. Ive finished writing the novel, _ is to be published next month. 16. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, _ was unexpected.17. The old man had three sons, all of _ died during World War . 18. I have bought two pens, both of _ write well. 19. Do you know the reason _ she has changed her mind?20. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough. 21. _ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.22. We should read such books _ will make us better and wiser. 23. He is absent， _ is often the case.24. It is the first time _ I have come to your city. 25. Who _ has the same idea as it will do it in this way. 26. I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life.27. This is the only book _ I can find.28. This is the only one of the students _ handwriting isthe best.29. You must show my wife the same respect _ you show me.30. This is the professor _ taught me chemistry in 1980 .专题十五 状语从句I、重点难点解析 状语从句是由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。不同的状语从句所使用的连接词也各不相同。见下表：状语从句名称连接词时间状语从句when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when, every time等地点状语从句where 和wherever条件状语从句if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )原因状语从句because, since, as, now that（既然）结果状语从句so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so that, such that目的状语从句so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）让步状语从句although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等比较状语从句than, so (as) as, the more the more方式状语从句as, as if (though), the way, rather than等一、时间状语从句w。1、当while, when, as引导时间状语从句时的区别：(1) while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用when代替。E.g. Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying；(2) when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于 “at the time”，也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。E.g. When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能换成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可换成while）(3) as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。E.g. As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37. (4) when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”E.g. Ill come when (if) Im free.2、till, until引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not until (till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到才”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到为止”。E.g. They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didnt talk（延续性动词）until (till) the interpreter（译员）came./ He didnt go to bed（非延续性动词）until (till) the his father came back.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，E.g. Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒装）；till, until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）。二、地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。E.g. Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.三、条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。 E.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.四、原因状语从句because, since, as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：1.如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。E.g. He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；2.如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。E.g. As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now lets begin. 五、结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so that, such that等引导。 E.g. She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.六、目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。E.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the train. w。七、让步状语从句让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。E.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he is, he knows a lot. w。w。 Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind.八、比较状语从句比较状语从句常用than, so (as) as, the more the more等引导。E.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.九、方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。E.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.十、使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。 E.g. Well go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow.Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。E.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.If (you are) asked you may come in.If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。E.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）Tell me the address wher