备战2011届高考英语(通用版复习.doc

备战2011届高考英语（通用版）一轮复习专题12 情态动词【考纲解读】情态动词与虚拟语气有千丝万缕的联系，它们往往放在一起考查。在近年高考题中，对情态动词的考查几乎每年都有纵观近几年的高考题可以看出，高考对情态动词的考查热点依次是：（1）推测和可能性；（2）“情态动词+have done”结构表示猜测或表示虚拟语气；（3）shall, should, can, must表示特定语气。 尤其是对“情态动词+have done”结构的考查频率较高。试题的情景设置往往生动、真实，但考查的角度趋于细微化和综合化，有效信息较为隐蔽，这就决定了情态动词题是难题之一。情态动词题每年都考，所以本专题在高考中的重要地位是显而易见的。因而在复习中应引起高度重视，且依笔者之见，来年高考中对情态动词考查的可能性依然非常大。【知识要点】一、情态动词的语法特征1.情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2.情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3.情态动词没有人称、数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4.情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词等形式。二、情态动词的基本用法1.比较can 和be able to1)cancould 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could)，只用于现在时和过去时(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。2)只用be able to中情况：位于助动词后；情态动词后；表示过去某时刻动作时；用于句首表示条件；表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to，不能用could。He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.战争爆发前，他就逃离欧洲了。注意：could不表示时态，表示提出委婉的请求（注意在回答中不可用could）。在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。Could I have the television on?Yes，you can./No，you cant.He couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。2.比较may和might1)表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。May God bless you!愿上帝保佑你！He might be at home.他有可能在家。注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。2) may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为“不妨，还是好”。You may(just) as well tell me the truth.你还是对我说实话好。3.比较have to和must1)两词都是“必须”的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。My brother was very ill，so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事） 2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。He had to look after his sister yesterday. 昨天他不得不照看他的妹妹。3)在否定结构中：dont have to 表示“不必”；mustnt表示“禁止”You dont have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustnt tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。4.must表示推测1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较：He must be staying there.他现在肯定在那里。He must stay there.他必须待在那里。 3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。I didnt hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。Why didnt you answer my phone call?Well，I must have been sleeping，so I didnt hear it.5)否定推测用cant。If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock，he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。5.表示推测的用法can，could，may，might，must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：1)情态动词+动词原形表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。I dont know where she is，she may be in Wuhan.我不知道她在哪儿，她可能在武汉。2)情态动词+动词现在进行时表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。At this moment，our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3)情态动词+动词完成时表示对过去情况的推测。We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年12月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。5)推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant，couldnt表示。Mike cant have found his car，for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。注意：could，might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如can，may。6.情态动词+have+过去分词1)may(might)have+done sth.can (could)have+done sth.表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。Philip may (might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.飞利浦在那场车祸中有可能伤的很严重。2)must have+done sth.对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有“肯定”“谅必”的意思。Linda has gone to work，but her bicycle is still here.She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth.should have done sth.本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）ought to 在语气上比should 要强。4)neednt have done sth.本没必要做某事I dressed very warmly for the trip，but I neednt have done so.The weather was hot. 那次旅行，我穿的非常暖和，但我本没有必要那么去做。天太热了。5)would like to have done sth.本打算做某事I would like to have read the article，but I was very busy then.我本想读那本书，但我那时太忙了。7.should 和ought toshould 和ought to 都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。Ought he to go?Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该），had better最好），must（必须）渐强。8.had better表示“最好”had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。had better do sth.最好干某事had better not do sth.最好不干某事had better have done sth.表示与事实相反的结果，意为“本来最好”。9.would rather表示“宁愿”would rather do 宁可干某事would rather not do 宁可不干某事would rather.than. 宁愿而不愿还有would sooner，had rather，had sooner都表示“宁愿”“宁可”的意思。I would rather stay here than go home.=I would stay here rather than go home.我宁可待在这儿也不回家。10.will和would1)would like；would like to do=want to 想要，为固定搭配。Would you like to go with me?你想和我一块儿去吗？2)Will you.?Would you like.?表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some，而不是any。 Would you like some cake?要蛋糕吗？3)否定结构中用will，一般不用would，wont you是一种委婉语气。Wont you sit down?你不坐吗？11.情态动词的回答方式问句肯定回答 否定回答Need you.? Yes，I must.No,I needntMust you.?/ dont have to.12.带to 的情态动词带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to，have to，used to，be to，如加上have got to(=must)，be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?She didnt use to play tennis before she was fourteen.You ought not to have told her all about it.Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问、否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。13.比较need和dare这两词既可作实义动词用，又可作情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时，后面的to 时常可以被省略。1)实义动词：need（需要，要求）need+n./to do sth.2)情态动词：need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。Need you go yet?Yes，I must./No，I neednt.3)need 的被动含义：need，want，require，worth（形容词）后面接doing，也可以表示被动：need doing=need to be done【考点诠释】情态动词考点透析考点一、情态动词基本含义的考查 情态动词的基本含义，一直是高考考查的重要内容。例如： 1. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_get out. A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could 2. When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. They_be ready by 12:00. A. can B. should C. might D. need 【解析】can：能够；should:应该，表示责任、义务。Might：可能；need：需要。它们应该在12点前准备好。所以，答案是B。 3. You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman_be so rude to a lady . A. might B. need C. shouldD. would 二、情态动词表示推测的考查 对情态动词表示推测的用法，是高考考查情态动词的一个重要方面。例如： 1. Sorry, Im late. I_have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again . A. might B. should C. can D. will 【解析】might have done : (过去)可能做过某事；shouldhave done :本应该做某事。根据本句提供的情境Im late 表明说话人可能把闹钟关上了。答案是：A。 2. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon,so he_your lecture. A. couldnt have attended B. neednt have attended C. mustnt have attended D. shouldnt have attended 【解析】couldnt have done: (过去)不可能做某事； neednt have done:本来不必做某事；mustnt have done:一定未做过某事： shouldnt have done:本不该做某事。根据提供的情境My sister met him at the Great Theatre表明他不可能参加讲座。答案是：A。 3.Mr Bush is on time for everything. How_it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? A. can B. should C. may D. must 【解析】can表示可能性。布什先生按时做一切事，他怎么可能开幕式迟到呢？答案是：A。 4.I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter? It_true because there was little snow there.A. may not be B. wont be C. couldnt be D. mustnt be 【解析】may not be : 可能不是；wont be：不会是；couldnt be：不可能是； mustnt be ：一定不是。根据提供情境there was little snow 说明山里滑雪是件不可能的事，may not 语气不如couldnt强。答案是：C。 分析：高考对表示推测的情态动词集中在must, can, could, may, might上，准确掌握它们使用的场合，是解决问题的关键。Must 用于肯定陈述句，表示肯定推测；can, could用于疑问或否定陈述句，表示可能性推测；may, might用于陈述句，表示可能性推测；用于否定陈述句中，cant （不可能）的语气比may not（可能不）强。此外，还要注意有对过去和对现在两种情况的推测,对过去推测用情态动词+have done ，对现在推测用情态动词+ 动词原形。 三、情态动词表示虚拟的考查 情态动词have+过去分词表示与过去事实上相反的情况，也是高考单项选择题涉及到情态动词的一个重要方面。 1. There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You_come, but why didnt you? A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have 【解析】ought to have done 表示本来应该做某事而实际没做，should do 表示现在应该做某事，与题中 at yesterdays party 表示的时间不一致。所以选D。 2.I was really anxious about you. You_home without a word.(NMET2001,33)A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave 3.Oh, Im not feeling well in the stomach. I_so much fried chicken just now. A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eaten C. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat 【解析】该句所表达的意思是刚才我不因该吃那么多炸鸡，而实际上是吃了那么多，可以判断用shouldnt have eaten. 答案是 C。 分析：高考对情态动词表示虚拟用法，表示与过去事实相反的情况。近几年高考，主要侧重should （not）have done 这一句式上，表示本来不该做却做了或本来该做却未做的事，在复习时，还应关注其它几种虚拟形式，如need (not)have done 表示本来需要做而未做或本来不需要而做的事等等，以做到有备无患。 考点四、情态动词与助动词混合考查1.Tom ,you didnt come to the party last night? I_, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do . (NMET2007全国卷II，20) A. had to B. didnt C. was going to D. wouldnt 【解析】had to:不得不；didnt:没来；was going to：打算来；wouldnt:不愿来。句意：汤姆，昨晚你没来参加舞会吗？我本打算来，但我突然记起有作业要做。But是关键词，所以答案是：C。 2.Your phone number again? I_quite catch it . Its 86184867. A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant 典题链接【示例1】Ive taken someone elses green sweater by mistake. It _ Harrys.He always wears green.A.has to beB.will beC.mustnt beD.could be解析:could 在此处表示猜测，意思是“可能”。答案：D【示例2】Mum，Ive been studying English since 8 oclock._ I go out and play with Tom for a while? No，Im afraid not.Besides，its raining outside now.A.CantB.WouldntC.May notD.Wont解析:前一说话者意在强烈要求妈妈允许他出去玩一会。意为：Its been so long a time，and its quite necessary for me to go and play.答案：A【示例3】Excuse me，but I want to use your computer to type a report.You _ have my computer if you dont take care of it.A.shantB.might notC.needntD.shouldnt解析:后者意为如果你不爱惜电脑的话，就不允许你用。shall用于二、三人称表示允诺。如： You shall have a copy if the book is published. 书一出来你就会得到一本。You shall get the answer right this afternoon. 今天下午你就可以得到答复。The enemy shall be wiped out.敌人一定会被消灭。答案：A【示例4】I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _ report it to the police?A.shouldB.mayC.willD.can解析:空房子常亮着灯，不正常，所以应该报告警方。准确掌握各情态动词的基本意义且紧密结合上下文才能正确地使用，因而二者不可或缺。答案：A【示例5】Children under 12 years of age in that country _ be under adult supervision when in a public library.A.mustB.mayC.canD.need解析:那个国家里12岁以下的孩子到公共图书馆去须由大人监护。这是法律条文或图书馆的管理规定，人人必须遵守。答案：A【示例6】Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. Thanks. You _ it. I could manage it myself.A.neednt doB.neednt have done C.mustnt doD.shouldnt have done解析:neednt have done表示“过去本来没有必要做而做了”，而shouldnt have done表示“过去本来不应该做而做了”。答案：B思维升级“情态动词have过去分词 ”结构是情态动词专项考查的难点和重点，记住以下最常考查的结构：（1）must have done “过去一定做了某事”（2）cant/couldnt have done “过去不可能做了某事”（3）may/might have done “过去可能做了某事”（4）neednt have done “过去本来没有必要做而做了某事”（5）could have done “过去本来能够做某事而没有做”（6）should/ought to have done “过去本来应该做某事而没有做”（7）shouldnt/oughtnt to have done “过去本来不应该做某事而做了”【示例7】I have lost one of my gloves. I _ it somewhere. A.must dropB.must have droppedC.must be droppingD.must have been dropped解析:must have done表示“过去一定做了某事”。句意为：我丢了一只手套，我肯定是掉在什么地方了。答案：B【高考链接】（2010高考英语江苏卷）-I havent got the reference book yet, but Ill have a test on the subject next month. -Dont worry. You_ have it by Friday.A. could B. shall C. must D. may 【答案】B【解析】本题考察情态动词的用法。shall在第二人称中表示允诺，还可表示强制，命令，威胁，警告等，还有在法律条文中的要求和规定。（2010高考英语上海春季卷）It is important to know about the cultural differences that cause problems.Amust Bdare Cneed Dmay【答案】D【解析】情态动词。语意：了解一些可能会引起问题的文化差异，这很重要。此处may用来表示可能；must，一定，必须；dare作情态动词常用在否定句与疑问句中，表示敢于；need表示必须，需要。根据语意，这里选D项。（2010高考英语天津卷）Mark have hurried. After driving at top speed .he arrived half an hour early.A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. couldnt （2010高考英语四川卷） I take the book out?Im afraid not.A. Will B. May C. Must D. Need【答案】B【解析】考查情态动词。表请求可用情态动词can，may，could，might；表允许用can，may。句意为：“我可以将这本书带出去吗?