2014非谓语动词(教师版).doc

射阳县高级中学2014年春学期高三英语语法复习导学案Revision of the Non-Finite Verbs（非谓语动词复习）主备人: 智玉祥 审核人：陈平成分形式主语宾语补语表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词一、不定式： 一般式的构成:_to do_; （被动） to be done_完成式的构成:_to have done； （被动）to have been done进行式的构成: to be doing The crowd cheered wildly at the sight if Liu Xiang, who was reported _to have broken (break) the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _to be ed(repair) first is the library. 1. 不定式作主语不定式短语可直接放在句首作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，以避免头重脚轻，保持句子结构的平衡。To study English today is the most important task to me.It is my honor here to be invited to spend some time with you. 2. 不定式作表语不定式作表语, 通常说明或解释主语的内容，也可表示将来的动作。Today my job is to water all the flowers in the garden.The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.3. 不定式作宾语 常接不定式做宾语的动词有：afford，arrange，want, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, refuse, help, dare, determine, decline, fail, manage, beg, demand, offer, prepare, claim, struggle, choose, elect, undertake, seek, attempt, volunteer etc. We agreed_to _(meet)here, but so far he hasnt turned up yet. When his father came back, the boy pretended_to be ing (do) his homework. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _to be d (hear).4不定式作宾补 (1)如下动词(短语)常跟带to的不定式作宾补：get, remind, want, wish, ask, tell, order, command, instruct, request, beg, permit, allow, help, advise, persuade, prepare, invite, cause, force, call on, wait for, count on, rely on, depend on, would like等。 We cant count on a man like Jim _ to (give)us the necessary help. 但hope, suggest, agree, demand, arrange, approve等动词后不能接sb to do sth.结构(2) 一些感官动词和使役动词如feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at等与不带to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road.He was seen _to cross_ the road. 5.不定式作定语 （1） 不定式用在the first, the second, the last, the only等短语后面。 John was the last man _to _(invite) to dinner in our family.（2）不定式作定语，与被修饰的中心名词之间常表现为主谓或动宾关系 The next train _to _(arrive) was from New York. （主谓关系） It was a game _to be ed_(remember).（动宾关系）注意：不定式为不及物动词时，应有必要的介词，如：The child _has nothing to worry about_(没什么可担忧的).如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： I think the best way to travel (by) is on foot.There is no time to think (about).He has no place _to live (in) (住). This is the best way _to solve the problem (解这道题).6.不定式作状语1）表目的：不定式作目的状语，in order to既可放句首也可放句中。so as to一般不放句首。注意不定式作状语时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： (T/F)：To save money, every means has been tried. F(T/F)：To save money, he has tried every means. TWith Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank to buy presents for my dad. _In order_not _to_lose his job, Tom kept quiet about the accident.2)表原因： We were astonished _to _ (find) the temple still in its original condition.这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy, glad, delighted, pleased, sorry, eager, anxious, lucky, fortunate, proud, angry, surprised, frightened, disappointed, ready, clever, foolish, worthy3)表结果： 具体形式是：too + adj./adv. + to do 太而不能 adj./adv. + enough + to do足以 only/ just to do表示出乎意料的结果 soas to如此以致于 He arrived late only to find the train gone_(发现火车走了).Do you think you are brave enough to try bungee jumping?Its too dark for us to see anything.4) 用于“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构。形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, fit, convenient, pleasant等， 不定式与句子的主语是动宾关系， 不定式常用主动形式。 The armchair is very comfortable _to sit in_(坐).7.不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to。（want to, wish to, hope to, like to, hate to, plan to, try to, love to, have to, ought to, need to, used to, be able to, be glad/happy to）但to后be, have不省。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. He is not a teacher now, but he used to be.（二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1、动名词的形式（doing, being done, having done, having been done） (1) 一般式： Seeing is _believing_ (眼见为实). (2) 被动式：He came to the party without being invited (未被邀请) .(3) 完成式：We remembered _having seen the film_ (看过这部电影) .(4) 完成被动式：He forgot having been taken (take) to Guangzhou when he was five years old. (5) 否定式：_not doing/not having done_I regret _not having followed his advice_ 我后悔没听他的劝告.(6) 复合结构：所有格/宾格+ 动名词 (作主语只能用所有格)He suggested _our/us trying_ (我们再试) it once again._His not understanding English_(他不懂英语)troubled him a lot. 2、动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语： _Reading aloud_(朗读)is very helpful.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its _no use quarrelling_（争吵是没用的）. （2）作表语： In the ant city, the queens job is _laying eggs (产卵).（3）作宾语： They havent finished _building a dam_ (建好大坝) .We have to _prevent the air from being polluted_ (阻止空气被污染) .如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： mind, enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay/postpone, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit/acknowledge, deny(否认), permit, forbid, practise, risk, escape, appreciate, mention, understand, dislike, fancy, tolerate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help/resist, think of, dream of, be fond of, keep/stop/prevent from, set about, be engaged in, spend/waste(in), succeed in, be used/accustomed to, look forward to, object to/be opposed to, pay attention to, insist on, keep on, devote/dedicateto, be limited/restricted to, be committed to He didnt feel like _ing_(read), so she suggested ing writing_ (practice write) an English letter right away. The squirrel was so lucky that it just missed _being caught_(catch).下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别：forget to do 忘记要做某事 forget doing 忘记做了某事remember to do记住要做某事remember doing 记得做了某事mean to do 有意要做某事mean doing 意味着做了某事regret to do 对要做的事表示后悔regret doing 对做过去的事后悔cant help to do不能帮助做某事cant help doing 情不自禁做某事try to do 尽力去做某事try doing 试着做某事stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 接着做（另外一件事）go on doing 继续做某事used to do 过去做某事be used to doing 习惯做某事 be afraid to do. 不敢做某事 be afraid of doing . 害怕做某事（4）作定语：(说明被修饰名词的用途) He cant walk without _a walking stick_ (拐杖) . Is there _a swimming pool in your school (游泳池) ? 3、常用句型：1) Theres no telling what will happen. =Its impossible to tell what will happen.= No one can tell what will happen.2) Its no use talking with him.Its no good speaking to them like that.3) Theres some difficulty ( in ) doing 在此句型中, difficulty可以由以下单词替换: trouble, problems, fun, a good time, a hard time4) There is no point (in) doing sth4、动名词主动形式表被动的情况：need/want/ require/deserve doing= to be done例如：This room _needs painting/ to be painted （这个房间需要粉刷）.三、现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的功能。 1、现在分词的形式：（doing, being done, having done, having been done）否定式：not + 现在分词 （1）doing表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，having done表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, _singing and talking_ (边唱边说) . _Having _finished his homework_(做完作业), he played basket-ball. （2）being done表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，having been done表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem _being ed_(discuss)now is very important. _Having been told several times_, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2、现在分词的句法功能： （1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。 In the _following years (=In the years that followed) (后来的几年中) he worked even harder. The man _talking to our teacher_ (= who is talking tour teacher_) is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 注意：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别。动名词作定语表示名词的用途；现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作如：a sleeping car = a car _for sleeping_ (动名词) a running horse = a horse _which is running_ (现在分词)（2）现在分词作表语（令人的）： The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。注意：现在分词、动名词、现在进行时的区别The situation in our country is encouraging. (_分词_)The situation in our country is encouraging the people. (_现在进行时_)My job is looking after the little baby. (动名词_)（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her _singing next door_(在隔壁唱歌)? He kept the car _waiting at the gate_(在门口等着). （4）现在分词作状语： 作时间状语： (While) _Working in the factory_ (在工厂工作时), he was an advanced worker. 作原因状语： _Being a League member_ (由于是共青团员), he is always helping others. 作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, _cleaning and washing_ (又擦又洗). 作条件状语： (If) _Playing all day long_ (要是整天玩), you will waste your valuable time. 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking into pieces_ (结果摔得粉碎). 作目的状语： He went swimming_ the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语： _Though raining heavily_ (虽然雨下得很大), it cleared up very soon. 与逻辑主语构成独立主格：_If time permitting_ (如果时间允许), well do another two exercises.All the tickets sold out_(所有的票已经卖光了), they went away disappointedly.有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 _(With) the lights burning_, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 作独立成分：_Judging from/by his appearance_ (从外表看), he must be an actor._Generally speaking_ (一般说来), girls are more careful.四、过去分词： 1、过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 2、过去分词的句法功能： 1) 过去分词作定语： Our class went on _an organized trip_ (有组织的旅行)last Monday. Those elected as committee members (当选为委员的人) will attend the meeting. 注意: 当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2) 过去分词作表语： The window is _broken_ (破了). They were _frightened at the sad sight_. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意：1现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：The news is interesting. (_客观/性质_) He is interested in the news.(_主观/特征_2表语与被动式的区别：The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（强调_动作）The blackboard is broken. Youd better have it repaired.（强调_状态_）3 常作表语的过去分词：amused, injured, covered, known, dressed, lost, broken, gone, delighted, excited, pleased, satisfied, married, worried, surprised , interested, burnt, shut, crowded, wounded, done 4 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water_ fallen leaves_newly arrived goods_ the risen sun _the changed world _ 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3) 过去分词作宾语补足语: (get/have sth. done; make oneself done) I heard the song _sung several times_ (被唱了好几次) last week.有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：_With their work finished/done_(工作做完了), they went out to play.4) 过去分词作状语： _Praised by his neighbours_ (受到邻居们的表扬), he became the pride of his parents. _Once seen_ (一旦被看见), it can never be forgotten. _Given more time_(如果给予更多的时间), Ill be able to do it better. _Though told/informed of danger_(虽然被告之有危险), he still risked his life to save the boy. 注意事项：1、分词与不定式做状语的区别：分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式常表示目的和结果。Having finished the homework, I went home. （_时间 ）Being a Party member, I should work hard. （_原因_）Given more time, I can do my work better. （_条件_）He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy. （_伴随_）To get more knowledge, we must work harder and harder. (_目的_)He is old enough to join the army. （_结果_）2、分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别a running horse _分词_ = a horse that is runninga fallen leaf _分词_ = a leaf that has already fallena walking stick _动名词_ = a stick for walkingsomething to do = something that is to be done3、to be done/ done/being done做定语的区别：I have a problem _to be ed_ (discuss) at the meeting. The building _being built_ (build) now on the river is the Science Museum. The building _d_ (complete) three years ago is now in bad condition. 4、分词做状语需要注意的一个问题分词逻辑主语与句子主语一致T or FSeeing from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (F ) Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. （T ）5、with复合结构 (with) +宾语+prep./-ing/-ed/to do/adi/adv，在句中作定语或状语 The living room is clean and tidy, (with) a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.6、常见的固定表达:judging from/by supposing/suppose; assuming (that) (假如) considering = taking into consideration/accountgenerally/strictly/frankly/roughly/exactly/accurately/briefly/honestly speakingspeaking of/ talking of providing/ provided(倘若) (that) given (考虑到) compared with/ toto tell (you) the truth to be honest to be sure诚然，的确to make matters/things worse to be on the safe side 为了安全起见to start/begin with to conclude not to mention to be fair公平地说let alone believe it or noteg. _Judging by/from_ (根据判断) his accent, he may come from America._Given_ (假如) his support, I think well win the election._Supposing/Assuming/Suppose_ (假如)it rains, what shall you do?_Considering_（就而论） her age, shes very active.=_Taking_ her age _into consideration_, shes very active.非谓语动词的做题步骤：1、判断是否用非谓语动词。方法：先看看句子中是否有了and, but, so, or等连词。如果有连词，则选用句子或名词短语。如果没有连词，则看句子中是否有了谓语动词。2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。3、判断主动或被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用having done/done/having been done； 之后常用to do/ to be done， 同时常用doing / being done。高考真题体会1.(2013全国卷I) The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _.A. not to do B. not to C. not do D. do not2. (2013全国卷I) The sunlight is white and blinding, _ hard-edged shadows on the ground.A. throwing B. being thrown C. to throw D. to be thrown3. (2013全国卷II) I got to the office earlier that day, _ the 7:30 train from Paddington.A. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught4. (2013北京卷) Volunteering gives you a chance _ lives, including your own.A. change B. changing C. changed D. to change5. (2013北京卷)_ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found6. (2013北京卷) When we saw the road _ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.A. block B. to block C. blocking D. blocked7. (2013上海卷) The judges gave no hint of what they thought, so I left the room really _.A. to be worried B. to worry C. having worried D. worried8. (2013上海卷) The students are looking forward to having an opportunity _ society for real-life experience.A. explore B. to explore C. exploring D. explored9. (2013上海卷) Young people may risk _ deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone10. (2013上海卷) Sophia got an e-mail _ her credit card account number.A. asking for B. ask for C. asked for D. having asked for11. (2013天津卷) In some languages,100 words make up half of all words_ in daily conversations.A. using B. to use C. having used D. used12. (2013江苏卷) Lionel Messi, _ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.A. set B. setting C. to set D. having set13. (2013江苏卷) Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _ to ruins, the city took on a new look.A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced14. (2013安徽卷)_ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded15. (2013湖南卷) The sun began to rise in the sky, _ the mountain in golden light.A. bathed B. bathing C. to have bathed D. have bathed16. (2013湖南卷) You cannot accept an opinion _ to you unless it is based on facts.A. offering B. to offer C. having offered D. offered17. (2013湖南卷)_ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.A. Staying B. Stayed C. To stay D. Stay18. (2013福建卷)_ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known19. (2013福建卷) Anyone, once _ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test20.(2013陕西卷) Let those in need _ that we will go all out to help them.A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood21. (2013陕西卷)The witnesses_ by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned22. (2013山东卷) The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner. A. standing B. to stand C. stands D. stood23. (2013山东卷) I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired. A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken24. (2013山东卷) _ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating25. (2013重庆卷) When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, _ me stories till I fell asleep.A. having told B. telling C. told D. to tell26. (2013重庆卷)The engine just wont start. Something seems _ wrong with it.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone27. (2013四川卷)_ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not28. (2013四川卷) The airport _ next year will help promote tourism in this area.A. bein