2018年高考英语二轮复习专题04阅读理解Ⅱ：细节理解题测含解析.docx

专题4 阅读理解：细节理解题 班级 姓名 学号 分数 （测试时间：45分钟）1. 【湖北八校2018届高三上学期第一次联考】CCities are likely to be affected by overheating, thanks to something called the urban heat island effect. Cities tend to be short of trees, which provide shade, and they are covered with black pavement, which absorbs heat from the sun. Think of how it feels to wear a dark shirt versus a white shirt on a sunny day. A black shirt absorbs light, heating you up. But a white shirt reflects light, keeping you cool.The average temperature in a city of a million or more people can be more than 5 degrees F hotter than surrounding areas. That extra 5 degrees can turn a hot day from uncomfortable to deadly. As temperatures rise, cities will be an especially dangerous place to be during a heat wave. To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.As part of that effort, Los Angeles is coating its roads in CoolSeal, a gray paint that keeps streets and parking lots 10 degrees cooler than black asphalt（沥青）. It will help Angelinos save money during the summer, when air conditioning sends power bills soaring. And it will save lives by lowering temperatures and improving air quality. Hot weather worsens air pollution by turning car exhaust into smog, which can make life miserable for people with asthma（哮喘）and other breathing problems.Of course, LA will have to do more than paint over a few streets to cool off the city. Angelinos will also need to plant more trees and apply white paint to rooftopsat least those not already covered in solar panels. While LA is a pioneer of reflective streets, other cities, like New York, are already experimenting with reflective roofs or, like Melbourne, lowering the temperature by planting trees. LA is hardly alone in its effort to stay cool.“This is an urgent challenge, and its much bigger than one person,” said Mayor Garcetti in a recent statement. “Climate change is a fact of life that people in Los Angeles and cities around the world live with every day.”8. Which of the following contributes to the urban heat island effect?A. Planting more trees in the streets.B. Covering the streets with white paint.C. Applying reflective paint to rooftops.D. Furnishing every house with air conditioners.9. What should the city officials emphasize during hot summer?A. How to make the city cooler.B. Where to wear a white shirt.C. Why to coat the roads with black paint.D. When to cut off the electricity supply.10. What benefit can people gain from the use of CoolSeal?A. Increasing the indoor activities.B. Promoting the sale of air conditioners.C. Making life easier and more comfortable.D. Reducing the number of cold days.【答案】8. D 9. A 10. C 9. A【名题点睛】细节理解题一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。文章细节的理解可以细化为：（1）一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。 （2）语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。 （3）语意理解型。这是一类深层事实细节理解题，答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系，这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合，才能得出正确答案。 （4）是非辨别型。 （5）事实排序型。【解题剖析】此题属于细节理解中的一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。【答案定位】由文章第二段最后一句“To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.”可知，在炎热的夏季城市管理者应该强调如何去使城市凉爽，从而保护公众的健康。【推理关系】题干What should the city officials emphasize during hot summer? 文章内容To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.【答案】to protect public health,A选项. How to make the city cooler.10. C细节理解题。由文章倒数第三段“ Los Angeles is coating its roads in CoolSeal, a gray paint that keeps streets and parking lots 10 degrees cooler than black asphalt（沥青）. It will help Angelinos save money during the summer, when air conditioning sends power bills soaring. And it will save lives by lowering temperatures and improving air quality.”分析CoolSeal的介绍可知。相比沥青，使用这种白漆可使街道和停车场气温下降10度，既能降低人们的生活开支，帮助省钱，又能减少污染，提高人们的生活质量。故选C。2. 【广东七校联合体2018届高三第二次联考试】DNew mercury(汞) threat to oceans from climate changeRising temperatures could boost mercury levels in fish by up to seven times the current rates, said Swedish researchers in an article published in Science Journal. Theyve discovered warming increases levels of the toxin (毒素) in sea creatures. In experiments, they found that extra rainfall drives up the amount of organic material flowing into the seas. This alters the food chain, adding another layer of complex organisms which boosts the concentrations of mercury up the line.Mercury is one of the worlds most toxic metals, and according to the World Health Organization, is one of the top ten threats to public health. The substance at high levels has been linked to damage to the nervous system, paralysis and mental impairment in children.The most common form of exposure to mercury is by eating fish containing methylmercury(甲基水银), an organic form of the chemical which forms when bacteria react with mercury in water, soil or plants. Levels of mercury in the worlds ecosystems have increased by between 200% and 500%, since the industrial revolution, say experts, driven up by the use of fossil fuels such as coal.In recent years there have been concentrated efforts to limit the amount of mercury entering the environment, with an international treaty, called the Minamata Convention, signed by 136 countries in place since 2013.Researchers hope that the Minamata treaty will be successful and countries reduce the amount of mercury that is being produced. Otherwise this discovery of a previously unknown source could have impacts for human health.Other researchers in the field say that the new study highlights important issues that have previously been little known.“This work experimentally proves that climate change will have a significant effect of methylmercury budgets in coastal waters and its accumulation in fish,” said Milena Horvat from the Jozef Stefan Institute in Slovenia.“This work will also help us understand the formation of mercury in fish and help reduce mercury from emission sources (primarily industrial).”12. Where did Swedish researchers find warming increases levels of the toxin?A. In the Pacific Ocean. B. On the Continent.C. In Red Sea. D. In sea creatures.13. What can cause damage to the nervous system?A. Exposure to mercury. B. Mercury at high levels.C. Methylmercury. D. The use of fossil fuels.14. How does methylmercury form?A. By limiting the amount of mercury entering the environment.B. By reducing the amount of mercury.C. When bacteria react with mercury in water, soil or plants.D. When climate change returns to normal.15. What can we know from Milena Horvats words?A. Climate change will increase the levels of mercury in food.B. Levels of mercury in the worlds ecosystems have increased by between 200% and 500%.C. The Minamata Convention has been signed by 136 countries in place since 2013.D. Mercury reduction from emission sources can be beneficial to fish.【答案】12. D 13. B 14. C 15. D14. 细节理解题。根据The most common form of exposure to mercury is by eating fish containing methylmercury(甲基水银), an organic form of the chemical which forms when bacteria react with mercury in water, soil or plants. 可知细菌同水、土壤或是植物中的汞反应，形成了甲基水银，所以选C。15. 细节理解题。根据“This work experimentally proves that climate change will have a significant effect of methylmercury budgets in coastal waters and its accumulation in fish,” said Milena Horvat from the Jozef Stefan Institute in Slovenia.可知排放源中汞含量的减少对鱼类有益处，所以选D。3. 【重庆市南开中学2017届高三上学期期中】CAre you afraid of sharks? What about snakes or spiders? Put those fears aside：because in the U.S. youre far more likely to be killed or injured by a deer skipping across the roadDeer cause more than 200 humans deaths each year, plus some 29,000 injuries，all because of l.2 million collisions between vehicles and deerMost incidents occur in the eastern U.S. , where deer prosper without natural predators like wolves and mountain lionsThats the region in the U.S. where deer-vehicle collisions are such a problem，and where it seems like an effective large carnivore reintroduction could make a really big difference says wildlife biologist Laura Prugh from University of WashingtonShe thinks it would help to reintroduce predators like mountain lions，also known as cougars，pumas or panthers，to parts of their historic range from which theyve been driven outThe researchers say that bringing the predators back to the eastern U.S. would mean 22 percent fewer collisions between cars and deer over three decadesEach year would see five fewer human deaths，680 fewer injuries and a savings of some $50 millionSophie L. Gilbert thinks there are great socioeconomic benefits of large predator restoration through reduced wildlife-vehicle collisions and she says，“Cougars have shown that they can coexist in short distance with people，with very few conflicts，in a lot of areas out west”Still，some folks might be understandably nervous about this kind of planAfter all , reintroducing predators doesnt come without risks to pets and to livestock，and very occasionally to people“Our fear of large predators is so natural and intense that I dont think its possible to just completely clear it with statisticswhat I hope is that knowing that there actually can be some measurable benefits might make people a little more supportive and maybe balance that fear a little bit”says LauraIndeed，the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacksBut itll be a tough sell：the press will cover cougar attacks，but a statistically prevented death does not make the newsNevertheless，“If people in the west can put up with having mountain lions aroundI would hope that New Yorkers would be up for the challenge as well”9. Why do people want to bring back mountain lions?A. To minimize the accidents caused by deerB. To maintain biodiversity and ecological balanceC. To take up the challenge from people in the westD. To reduce peoples fear of this dangerous creature10. Why is it hard to persuade people to accept this measure?A. Because the risks outweigh the benefitsB. Because mountains lions like eating peopleC. Because mountain lions tend to get too close to peopleD. Because the benefits are not as eye-catching as its risks【答案】 9. A 10. D 10. D细节理解题。根据文章Indeed，the statistics show that cougars would prevent five times as many human deaths from deer-related accidents as they would cause by attacksBut itll be a tough sell：the press will cover cougar attacks，but a statistically prevented death does not make the news事实上，统计数据显示美洲狮可以预防与鹿有关的事故造成的死亡人数是攻击造成的死亡人数的五倍。但这将是一个艰难的销售:媒体将报道美洲狮的袭击，但统计上阻止死亡并不成为新闻。可知它的好处不像它的风险那样引入注目。故选D。 4. 【重庆市南开中学2017届高三上学期期中】AA notice at IKEA Shanghai has been shared widely among netizens on Chinese social mediaIt states that the stores cafeteria now requires customers to order food before sitting down in cafeteria seatsThe policy is in response to an elderly blind dating group that occupies seats for a long time，consuming only their own food brought from homeDo you support IKEAs new regulation ? China Daily readers share their opinions with usLee Xin (China)The elderly are harmlessThey are lonely and are probably hoping to find some company againIf anything，the store should at least sympathize with these old peopleMbursian (US)This is more for socializing than for romanceI really dont picture a home furnishing store as a good dating place for seniorsIKEA could also post a reasonable time limit per visit during peak hoursOr instead of tables and chairs，they could use those standing tables and get rid of the chairs altogetherAt least IKEAs cafeteria isnt occupied by the dancing grannies and their portable PA systems(音响) SEARU (Australia)Romance is the most important thing while eating is not that important! So a noble man always leaves more space for seniors love affairs!Mr Qiu (Shanghai，China 65 years old)Weve been to fast food outlets like McDonaldsbut there are barely any peers thereWe feel like alienssurrounded by youngstersIf there is another place in Shanghai where elderly people can gather, we are more than ready to pay twice as much and travel furtherTedM (UK)Romance can arise in many places；even IKEAHowever this debate arose as a result of many people taking advantage of IKEAs generous drink offers，going there to meet and stay with friends without buying anythingIKEA is a shopit exists to provide a service for a reasonable profitIt is not a public parkMichel (New Zealand)To everyone romanticizing this，please also consider that the store has an image to uphold while protecting the interests of other paying customersIt is ugly behavior to take up seats for such long durations while you make others wait1. How many people are in support of this new regulation ?A. 2 B. 3C. 4 D. 52. What is the major cause of this new regulation?A. Senior blind dates influencing their businessB. IKEA has zero tolerance for romantic behaviorC. The strong reaction of netizens on social mediaD. Old people eating their own food to save money【答案】1. B 2. A 【解析】文章就宜家的新规定进行了讨论。每个人都给出了自己的观点和看法。1. B细节理解题。由文章可知Mbursian (US)，TedM (UK)和Michel (New Zealand)都是支持这一政策的，故选B。5. 【广东省五校2018届高三12月联考】BApril 4th was just another day on a Western Australia farm for Zac Mitchell, until it suddenly wasnt. In an upexpected accident, the cattle worker was feeding the animals in his charge when one bull cleaned him up and kicked his hand against the rail, resulting in the thumb on his right hand being cut off. “My thumb was still hanging on the rail, when I got up off the ground,” Zac Mitchell says.His co-workers tried their best to preserve the thumb for reattachment, placing it on ice in a cooler, but two surgeries to put Mitchells thumb back in place failed. Thats when doctors came up with another suggestion: Remove one of his big toes to where his thumb used to be.Mitchells lead surgeon, Sean Nicklin, understood the mans dilemma at first, calling it a “bit of a crazy idea”. After all, Zac Mitchell did not want to be injured in another part of his body. But as the thumb is incredibly important function-wise, Mitchell eventually gave in. Nicklin explains that the big toe is surprisingly fit for a thumb switch: Nerves sync up(同步)nicely, and it looks more like a thumb, though a giant one, than any other alternative they may have come up with. He added that big toes arent as necessary for balance and walking as people believe. As far as the foot goes, occasional “fine balance” activities like surfing might be difficult, but most people without a big toe function fine in everyday tasks like walking and even competitive sports.The eight-hour surgery went well, and Mitchell is expected to have a year or so of recovery in front of him before he heads back into the fields.4. What happened to Zac Mitchell on April 4th ?A. He cleaned up a bull B. He was badly hurtC. He started his farm D. He lost his thumbs5. What suggestion did the doctor give to Mitchell after the unsuccessful surgery?A. Recreating a new thumb in placeB. Replacing the thumb with is toeC. Transplanting his co-workers thumbD. Putting back the cut-off thumb again7. According to Nicklin, after the surgery Mitchell is able to _.A. surf on the sea B. do daily activitiesC. only stay at home D. work on wheelchair【答案】4. B 5. B 7. B7. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的倒数两句“He added that big toes arent as necessary for balance and walking as people believe. As far as the foot goes, occasional “fine balance” activities like surfing might be difficult, but most people without a big toe function fine in everyday tasks like walking and even competitive sports.”可知，根据Nicklin说的，大脚趾对于平衡和走路不是必须的，在日常活动中，像走路甚至竞技性运动，没有大脚趾的人也做得很好。因此可知Mitchell手术后能够从事日常活动。故选B。6. 【东北三省三校2017届高三第二次联合模拟】AWe were ordinary people taking the bus every day that summer. During the early morning rides, we sat sleepily on our seats. One of the passengers was a small grey man to the center for senior citizens. He walked with a stoop (驼背) and a sad look on his face. We paid little attention to him.Then one July morning he said good morning to the driver and smiled to us before sitting down. The driver nodded politely, the rest of us being silent. The next day, the old man boarded the bus energetically, smiled and said loud, “Good morning!” Some of us looked up, amazed, and murmured “Good morning”. The following weeks we were more surprised. Our friend was dressed in a nice old suit with the thin hair carefully combed. He said good morning to us every day and we gradually began to nod and talk to each other. One morning he had a bunch of wild flowers in his hand. The driver smilingly asked, “Have you got yourself a girlfriend?” He nodded shyly, “She lives at the center.” The other passengers whistled and clapped at him. Charlie bowed before sitting down.Every morning after that Charlie always brought a flower. Some regular passengers began bringing him flowers for his bunch. Everyone smiled and joked about it.But one morning he didnt turn up. When he wasnt there the following days, we started wondering if he was sick or. We stopped at the center for senior citizens. The staff told us he was fine, but he hadnt been coming that week. One of his very close friends had died at the weekend. They expected him back on Monday. How silent we were on the rest of the way to work!The next Monday he was waiting at the stop, stooping a bit more and a bit more grey. Inside the bus was a silence, all of us sitting with our eyes filled with tears and wild flowers in our hands.21. The old man boarded the bus energetically probably because _.A. he bought a bunch of flowers B. he got to know other passe