2018届高三英语二轮复习专题一语法填空和短文改错第二讲短文改错练习.docx

第二讲短文改错全国卷3年考情分析命题者说短文改错主要考查语法基础知识，语篇通常取材于考生自己的习作或类似于考生的随笔，且话题常见，篇章结构的难易程度符合高中生的认知水平，即通俗易懂，基本上无生僻的语言障碍和怪、偏、难的语法结构。短文词数通常与书面表达一样，也是100词左右。 短文改错命题原则表高考就考这些点着眼点具体思考点词法动词时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词与虚拟语气名词可数不可数、单数还是复数、是否需用所有格代词主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、各种不定代词形容词、副词原级、比较级、最高级冠词不定冠词、定冠词还是零冠词介词基本用法、固定搭配词性误用形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词句法连词(并列连词和从句引导词)、主谓一致、there be句型与特殊句式行文逻辑时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致 短文改错意识原则表答题就按此法办短文改错10处错误中，设错方式是有规律的，一般情况下，多、缺词23个，错词78个，做完题后，可按此规律进行查验。见下表：类型总数(10)具体思考点多、缺词23be的各种形式、介词、冠词、不定式符号、三大从句引导词、代词、副词、固定搭配中的虚词错词78连词、三大从句引导词、动词、名词、代词、形容词、副词等A(2017全国卷)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was. Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, so once I started the car, my mind goes blank. I forgot what he had said to me altogether. The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.答案：In the summer holiday following my birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was. Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, once I started the car, my mind blank. I forgot what he had said to me altogether. The instructor kept repeating the ， “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “ left！” I was so nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. A few minutes ， the instructor asked me to stop the car. It was a relief and I came to a stop just in the middle the road.B(2017全国卷)Mr. and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together. They have also bought for some gardening tools. Beside, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. When summer came, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!答案：Mr. and Mrs.Zhang work in our school.They live far from the school, and it takes them about hour and a half to go to work every day. In their spare time, they are in planting vegetables in their garden, is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up and water the vegetables together. They have also bought some gardening tools. ， they often get some useful from the Internet. When summer ， they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!C(2017全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies. I had grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years. About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.答案：When I look at this picture of myself, I realize how fast time flies. I grown not only physically, also mentally in the past few years. About one month after this photo was ， I entered my second year of high school and a new member of the school music club.Around me in picture are the things were very important in my life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying kinds of cars and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of high school days.名词单复数的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下三个方面：(1)可数名词单复数的错用：一般考查错把复数用作单数，有时也考查错把单数用作复数。(2)不可数名词单复数的错用：不可数名词没有复数形式。(3)可数名词与不可数名词混淆：有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。2应考策略(1)理清可数与不可数名词之间的区别与联系。(2)记清一些用于固定词组中名词的特殊用法。示例1(2017全国卷)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”解析wordwords考查名词的数。根据下文提示，教练发出了“Speed up！”，“Slow down！”，“Turn left！”多个指令，故用word的复数形式words。示例2(2017全国卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.解析informationsinformation考查名词。information为不可数名词，无复数形式，故将informations改为information。示例3(2016浙江卷)When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years later.解析childrenchild考查名词单复数。由when引导的时间状语从句中主语是I，为单数，且有冠词a，故应用child。示例4(2016四川卷)Mom has a fulltime job，but she has to do most of the houseworks.解析houseworkshousework考查可数名词与不可数名词的混用。housework“家务”，为不可数名词，没有复数。冠词的多用、漏用和误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)a和an的错用：元音音素前用an，辅音音素前用a。(2)不定冠词和定冠词的错用：表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。注意固定搭配中冠词的使用情况。(3)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失：一般来说，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词，表示泛指用a(n)，表示特指用the。(4)冠词的多余：可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。(5)常用固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余。2应考策略(1)牢固掌握定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的使用规律。(2)平时注意冠词的使用，努力培养语感。(3)固定搭配中的冠词是固定的，只有记住才是硬道理。示例1(2017全国卷)In the summer holiday following my eighteenth birthday, I took driving lessons. I still remember how hard first day was.解析first前加the或my由于序数词first前应该用定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰，故first前加the或my。示例2(2017全国卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.解析hour前aan/onehour是以元音音素开头的单词，前面要用不定冠词an。表示“一个小时”可以用an hour也可以用one hour。所以hour前a改为an/one。示例3(2016全国卷)If we stay at home, it is comfortable and there is no need to spend money. But in that case, we will learn little about world.解析world前加the冠词漏用。world是独一无二的事物，前面要加定冠词the。示例4(2016全国卷)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.解析thea考查冠词错用。in a short period of time“在短时间内”为固定搭配，故the改为a。 代词的错用、缺失与多余1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)前后代词指代不一致代词主要是用来代替其他实义词或上下文意义的，因此代词应与其指代的对象相符。否则就会出现代词指代错误。(2)代词数的错用人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词等都有单复数之分，要根据上下文确定单复数。(3)物主代词的错用形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，不能单独使用，常用来修饰名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，常单独使用，不能修饰名词。(4)不定代词或反身代词的误用。(5)代词的多余：主要是定语从句中代词的多余。在定语从句中，若引导词在从句中作宾语，此时就不能再用it，him或them等作宾语。2应考策略(1)顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文。(2)系统掌握it的各种用法。(3)准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用。示例1(2017全国卷)Mr. and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.They live far from the school, and it takes them about an hour and a half to go to work every day.解析allboth或去掉all词法错误。Mr. and Mrs. Zhang是两个人，故用both。因both在此作同位语，也可以去掉。all指的是三者或三者以上。故将all改为both或去掉all。示例2(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.解析theythat/which句法错误。things是先行词，后面是定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故引导词用that或which。故将they改为that/which。示例3(2016全国卷)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.解析yourselfmyself句意：起初，我认为我什么都知道，可以自己拿主意。根据主语I可知，应用myself。故将yourself改为myself。示例4(2015浙江卷)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.解析themit此处代词them指代前面的park，应是单数，所以用it。故them改为it。示例5(2017福建普通高中毕业班质检)Im going to a conference in you town in May, from 16th to 20th.解析youyour此处指我要去你/你们的城市去开会，应把you改为your。示例6(2017太原五中模拟)I need to take some exercise every day and find ways to relax me.解析memyself句意：我需要每天锻炼，并想法放松自己。与主语I相对应的反身代词是myself。故将me改为myself。非谓语动词的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)不定式符号to的多余：在感官动词和使役动词(get除外)后面跟不带to的不定式作宾补。(2)不定式符号to的缺失：有些动词，如want，decide，plan等后应接带to的不定式作宾语。(3)误把非谓语动词用作谓语动词：句中已有谓语动词，且另一动词不作并列谓语，则只能用非谓语动词。(4)现在分词与过去分词的错用：现在分词表主动、进行；过去分词表被动、完成；现在分词转化的形容词表示“令人的”，常修饰物；而过去分词转化的形容词表示“感到的”，常修饰人。(5)介词to与不定式符号to的用法区别：不定式符号to后接动词原形，而介词to后需跟动词的ing形式。2应考策略(1)纵观全文或全句，明确句中动词所作的句子成分。(2)系统掌握非谓语动词的句法功能。(3)前后联系，整体把握。示例1(2017全国卷)When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!解析pick前加to考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”，故应在pick前加to。示例2(2016全国卷)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.解析taketakingbetween.and. “在和之间”，是固定结构。and前后连接的是并列成分。and前用了动名词staying，and后也应用动名词，故把take改为taking。示例3(2016四川卷)Mom was grateful and moving. 解析movingmovedmoving表示“令人感动的”，而moved表示“感动的”。故将moving改为moved。示例4(2015浙江卷)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.解析sitsittingenjoy后跟动名词作宾语。故sit改为sitting。示例5(2014辽宁卷)It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute shes outside.解析understandingunderstandIts difficult to do sth.“做某事有困难”。it为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语。故将understanding改为understand。动词的时态和语态的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下三个方面：(1)上下文时态不一致：当上下文叙述的是同一件事情时，时态应保持一致。(2)并列句中的谓语动词时态不一致：并列连词所连接的动词时态应保持一致；并列句中的谓语动词时态也应保持一致。(3)主动语态和被动语态的混用。2应考策略(1)通读全文，搞清文中动词的主体时态。(2)结合语境，灵活掌握各种时态的用法。(3)认真推敲，准确把握主动与被动。示例1(2017全国卷)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.解析tooktaken；becomebecame考查时态和语态。photo与take为被动关系，故应用被动语态，所以应把took改为taken; 主句时态为一般过去时，and连接并列谓语entered和became，所以应把become改为became。示例2(2016全国卷)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.解析usingused考查动词的被动语态。主语fresh vegetables and high quality oil和use之间为被动关系，故需用被动语态。示例3(2016全国卷)It is always crowded with customers at meal times.Some people even had to wait outside.解析hadhave由前面的句子可知，这里吃饭时总是涌满了顾客，用的是一般现在时，根据时态的一致性，后面的句子也应用一般现在时。故将had改为have。示例4(2016全国卷)However, my parents didnt seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.解析telltold由前句的didnt可判断用一般过去时。故将tell改为told。示例5(2015全国卷)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.解析tellingtold此处and后的动词应与其前的saw并列，故将telling改为told。主谓不一致的错误1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下四个方面：(1)主谓在人称或单复数上不一致。(2)在含有定语从句或强调结构中的主谓不一致方面的错误。(3)非谓语动词短语作主语或主语从句作主语时主谓不一致方面的错误。(4)“就近”与“就远”原则的错用：就近原则常见的有：either.or.，neither.nor., not only. but also.等；就远原则常见的有：together with, as well as, but, except等。2应考策略(1)做题时要有全局观念，前后联系。(2)搞清句子结构，分析句子成分。(3)全面掌握有关主谓一致方面的规则。示例1(2016浙江卷)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.解析waswerewho we was是作ask的宾语且宾语从句中的主语是we，故应把谓语was改为were。示例2(2014全国卷)My dream school look like a big garden.解析looklooks主语My dream school是单数，谓语应用第三人称单数。故将look改为looks。示例3(2014辽宁卷)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.解析havehas主语The early morning barking为单数，故把have改为has。示例4(2017银川一中二模)What you have gained are the result of your hard work.解析areis主语从句为单数，故are改为is。示例5(2017沈阳二中模拟)Last month, I, together with my parents, were invited to my uncles in the US.A.解析werewas本句的主语是I而不是my parents，故将were改为was。形容词和副词的混用及其比较等级的误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下五个方面：(1)意近引起的错用：例如many和much都表示“很多”，但many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。(2)意思重复：例如so和very表达同一含义，故不能同时使用。(3)形容词与副词的错用：一般来说，作定语和表语时用形容词；作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子时用副词。(4)比较级和最高级的混用或误用。(5)比较级和最高级修饰语的误用。2应考策略(1)熟知形容词和副词的句法功能。(2)理清短文中形容词和副词比较等级的关系。(3)结合短文内容，准确使用形容词和副词。示例1(2017全国卷)I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.解析去掉much句法错误，意义重复。这句话中含有so.that.(如此以至于)结构，so和much表达的意思重复。故much在此处是多余的，去掉much。示例2(2017全国卷)In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, which is on the rooftop of their house.解析interestinginterested词法错误。interesting意为“有趣的”，多指事物；interested意为“感兴趣的”，多指人。因为是描述主语they的心理状态，所以应把interesting改为interested。be interested in.意为“对感兴趣”。示例3(2015全国卷)Much rare animals are dying out.解析MuchManymuch修饰不可数名词，rare animals为复数形式，故把Much改为Many。示例4(2015全国卷)He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.解析去掉very此处为so.that.句式，so和very表达的意思重复，故应去掉very。示例5(2016全国卷)They were also the best and worse years in my life.解析worseworstand之前用了best，与之并列也应用最高级，故将worse改为worst表示“最糟的”。示例6(2016四川卷)The dishes that I cooked were Moms favoritest.解析favoritestfavoritefavorite本身含有最高级意义，故不再有最高级形式。故将favoritest改为favorite。介词的多余与误用1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下三个方面：(1)在一些固定短语中介词的误用。(2)介词与连词或副词的混用。(3)及物动词之后介词的多余或不及物动词之后介词的漏用。2应考策略(1)在平时的学习中注意积累语言知识，特别是一些固定搭配的记忆。(2)强化语法训练，分清连词、副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能。(3)把语法知识的记忆和语感的培养结合起来。示例1(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road.解析onof词法错误。in the middle of.“在的中间”，是固定搭配，故把on改为of。示例2(2017全国卷)They have also bought for some gardening tools.解析去掉for词法错误，介词的误用。表示“买某物”直接用buy sth.。buy还可用于buy sb.sth.或buy sth. for sb.，表示“为某人买某物”。故应去掉for。示例3(2016全国卷)Now I am leaving home to college. 解析toforleave.for “离开去”为固定结构。示例4(2016四川卷)Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping.解析去掉ongo shopping为固定短语，意为“去购物”，go on shopping意为“继续购物”。故去掉on。示例5(2014全国卷)We can lie on the grass for a rest，or sit by the lake listening music.解析listening后加tolisten是不及物动词，后接宾语时要跟介词to，故listening后加to。连词1此类题的错误设置一般包括以下两个方面：(1)并列连词错用：常见的并列连词有：and表示顺承，but表示转折，or表示选择，so表示因果。应根据逻辑关系选择适当的连词。(2)并列连词多余：although/though和but，because和so不能连用，一般去掉but或so；另外，一个从句只能有一个引导词。2应考策略(1)依据短文中的逻辑关系，准确把握词与词，句与句或段与段之间的关系。(2)分析句子结构，确定句子的类型(简单句、并列句、复合句)。(3)排除汉语影响，识别although.but或because.so等错误。示例1(2017全国卷)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, so once I started the car, my mind went blank.解析sobut/yet行文逻辑错误。根据前后句意思可知这里表示转折概念，并非因果，所以把so改为but或yet。示例2(2017全国卷)I have grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years.解析andbut行文逻辑错误。not only. but also. 不仅而且，连接并列成分，故把and改为but。示例3(2016全国卷)Though not very big，but the restaurant is popular in our area.解析去掉butthough和but不能放在同一个句子里。故去掉but。示例4(2015全国卷)There the air is clean or the mountains are green.解析orand前后句为并列关系而非选择关系，故把or改为and。示例5(2015四川卷)In fact，I dont like to go anymore, so Im afraid Ill lose their friendship.解析sobut前后句为转折关系而非因果关系，应用but连接。故将so改为but。,学生用书P11 )A(2017南昌十校二模)It is clear shown that many middle school students have physical and mental problems.68% of the students surveying have studying anxiety as well as poor eyesight too.And a larger percentage lacks sleep.52% are short of physical exercise.42% of the students wont obey our parents or teachers.Personally ，I think we student should balance our physical exercise and studies.Without sound body，one cant achieve anything.However，too much attention has been paid only on studies.As a result, I suggest we are given less homework or more time for outofclassroom activities. Only in this way can we live a happy and healthy life.答案：It is shown that many middle school students have physical and mental problems.68% of the students have studying anxiety as well as poor eyesight .And a larger percentage sleep.52% are short of physical exercise.42% of the students wont obey parents or teachers.Personally, I think we should balance our physical exercise and studies.Without sound body，one cant achieve anything.However，too much attention has been paid only studies.As a result, I suggest we given less homework more time for outofclassroom activities. Only in this way can we live a happy and healthy life.B(2017济南模拟)Studying in the UK have been a good experience for me.When I first arrived, I find life very hard as I didnt know anybody here，but I soon got to know other Chinese student at the university.Later I became interesting in communicating with people from various cultures，and I made fewer friends.During my study，I chose to live in with my classmates in the dormitory.I think its better than living in British family because I can meet people from different countries easy.The courses here are excellent. I enjoy the way the teachers give lessons.We are encouraged to think for yourselves，which is quite different from that I have experienced before.答案：Studying in the UK been a good experience for me.When I first arrived，I life very hard as I didnt know anybody here，but I soon got to know other Chinese at the university.Later I became in communicating with people from various cultures，and I made friends.During my study，I chose to live with my classmates in the dormitory.I think its better than living in British family because I can meet people from different countries .The courses here are excellent. I enjoy the way the teachers give lessons.We are encouraged to think for ，which is quite different from I have experienced before.C(2017山东六校联考)The day before Mothers Day, everybody around me was talking about what was most suitable gift they would buy for their mothers.Buying flowers were what most students would do.However，I wanted to do something differently. As then I lived in school and couldnt go back home on Mothers Day, so I decided to call her and sent her my best wishes.I searched the Internet for suggestions, what were very useful ，and I read it carefully. When I called my mother，however，I had the feel that someone elses words would have no meaning to her.So I gave in and just told my mother I loved her and thanked her to all she had done for me.答案：The day before Mothers Day, everybody around me was talking about what was most suitable gift they would buy for their mothers.Buying flowers what most students would do.However，I wanted to do something .As then I lived in school and couldnt go back home on Mothers Day， I decided to call her and her my best wishes.I searched the Internet for suggestions, were very useful ，and I read carefully. When I called my mother，however，I had the that someone elses words would have no meaning to her.So I gave and just told my mother I loved her and thanked her all she had done for me.D(2017太原二模)Here is a funny story.One day three mouses said proudly to each other that they each could drink more wine，so they decided to have a drinking contest. At last they both felt dizzy.One suggested，“Will anybody go