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2014 欧洲 低钠血症诊疗指南解读,欧洲危重病学会(ESICM), 欧洲内分泌学会(ESE) 欧洲肾脏最佳临床实践(European Renal Best Practice ERBP)为代表的欧洲肾脏病协会和欧洲透析与移植协会(ERA-EDTA)共同制定了欧洲低钠血症临床诊疗指南,低钠血症,Hyponatraemia, defined as a serum sodium concentration135 mmol/l, is the most common disorder of body fluid and electrolyte balance encountered in clinical practice. It occurs in up to 30% of hospitalised patients and can lead to a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, from subtle to severe or even life threatening (10, 11),定义: 血清钠低于135mmol/L 临床最常见的水盐失衡,其发生率约占住院患者的30% 症状不一,从轻微到致命,In most cases, hyponatraemia reflects low effective osmolality or hypotonicity, which causes symptoms of cellular oedema. However, hyponatraemia may also (rarely) occur with isotonic or hypertonic serum if the serum contains many additional osmoles, such as glucose or mannitol. Therefore, we discuss not only how hypo-osmolar but also how isosmolar and hyperosmolar states develop.,绝大多数情况下,低钠血症反映了低有效渗透压状态,主要引起细胞水肿 然而,如果血清含有其他渗透性物质如葡萄糖和甘露醇,则低钠血症在个别情况下也可发生于等渗或高渗情况。 因此,低钠血症不仅见于低渗,也见于等渗和高渗的情况。,Severe symptoms of hyponatraemia are caused by brain oedema and increased intracranial pressure. Brain cells start to swell when water moves from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment because of a difference in effective osmolality between brain and plasma. patients with chronic hyponatraemia and no apparent symptoms can have subtle clinical abnormalities when analysed in more detail. Such abnormalities include gait disturbances, falls, concentration and cognitive deficits patients with chronic hyponatraemia more often have osteoporosis and more frequently sustain bone fractures than normonatraemic persons,低钠血症严重症状为脑水肿。 低渗的血浆向高渗的脑细胞进行水转移,导致细胞肿胀 慢性和无明显症状的低钠血症患者,可有如下轻微症状:步态不稳,跌倒,注意力不集中和认知障碍 慢性低钠血症患者更易发生骨质疏松和骨折,图示:大脑对低钠血症的适应过程: 1即可反应 2快速适应 3慢适应调节 4不适当纠正(快速升高渗透压) 5适当纠正(缓慢提高渗透压),6. 低钠血症诊断Diagnosis of hyponatraemia 6.1. 分类:Classification of hyponatraemia,根据血钠浓度分类: 6111: 轻度(mild)低钠血症:血钠: 130135mmol/l 6112: 中度(moderate)低钠血症:血钠: 125129mmol/l 6113: 重度(profound)低钠血症: 血钠: 125mmol/l,依据发生时间分类: 6121: 急性低钠血症48h 6122: 慢性低钠血症48h 6123 如果不能对其分类,除非有临床或回顾性反证(表8),则应认为系慢性低钠血症,为何以48小时为界限界定急慢性低钠血症?,This usually occurs when hyponatraemia develops rapidly, and the brain has had too little time to adapt to its hypotonic environment. Over time, the brain reduces the number of osmotically active particles within its cells (mostly potassium and organic solutes) in an attempt to restore the brain volume (Fig. 2). This process takes 2448 h, hence the reason for using the 48-h threshold to distinguish acute (48 h) from chronic (48 h) hyponatraemia,当低钠血症发生快速发生时,脑细胞几乎没有时间来适应低渗环境。 大脑通过减少其细胞内渗透活性物质如钾和有机溶质以试图恢复脑容量。此过程需时2448小时。因此,以48小时作为急性和慢性低钠血症的界限,表8 与急性低钠血症相关的药物和病情,术后阶段 前列腺癌的手术切除后,内镜下切除后 子宫手术 烦渴 运动 最近的噻嗪类药物处方 3,4-methylenedioxymethamfetamine(MDMA,XTC) 结肠镜检查的准备工作 环磷酰胺(IV) 催产素 最近开始去氨加压素治疗 最近开始特利加压素,加压素,根据症状分类: 6131:中度症状 恶心 意识混乱 头痛 6132:重度症状 呕吐 心脏呼吸窘迫 嗜睡 癫痫样发作 昏迷(Glasgow评分8),低钠血症分类的说明,血钠水平:重度低钠血症值为125mmol/l,文献提示110125mmol/l,患者症状明显且严重 进展速度:低钠血症发生于48h更易脑水肿发生,且脑需要48h适应低钠环境,但如果血钠纠正过快,则脑可能再损伤 症状轻重:指南根据急性低钠血症的观察,将症状分为中重度。重度症状者病死率增高。指南避免提及“无症状”低钠血症,因为严格意义上,患者并非无症状,仅仅是表现为不引人注意的注意力不集中 血液渗透压:指南主要涉及低渗性低钠血症,故需首先建立区分高渗与非高渗的临床标准(见6.2)测得的血清渗透压275 mOsm/kg 总提示为低渗性低钠血症,因为有效渗透压绝不会高于总或测得的渗透压。(as effective osmolality can never be higher than total or measured osmolality.) 如果计算的渗透压275 mOsm/kg 则低钠血症可能是低渗,等渗或高渗,这取决于哪些渗透性活性物质的存在和其是否计入公式。(By contrast, if calculated osmolality is275 mOsm/kg, hyponatraemia can be hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic, depending on which osmotically active agents are present and whether or not they are incorporated in the formula.) 血容量:低钠血症患者可以分别是低容、等容或高容。传统诊断程序是首先评估患者的容量状态,但所谓容量状态究系指细胞外液量、有效循环血量还是体内液体总量,含义不清。为避免混乱,本指南将其定义为有效循环血量。,6.2 证实低渗性排除非低渗性低钠血症,6.2.1.1 推荐通过测定血糖,排除高糖性低钠血症。如果血糖增高,校正血钠浓度(表9)。 6.2.1.2 测得的渗透压275 mOsm/kg 总提示为低渗性低钠血症。 6.2.1.3 若无表10中所列非低渗性低钠血症的证据则接受“低渗性低钠血症”。,渗透量表示方法不同: 一种是重量渗透克分子浓度(Osmolality),每公斤水中所含的毫渗透粒子数(mOsm/kg H2O), 冰点渗透计测量渗透压就是用此单位表示的。 另一种是容量渗透克分子浓度(Osmolarity),即每升溶液中所含的毫渗透粒子数(mOsm/L),,6.3 区别低渗性低钠血症的参数?,6.3.1.1 首先检测并解释尿渗透压 6.3.1.2 如果尿渗透压100 mOsm/kg,可认为水摄入相对过量是低渗性低钠血症的原因。 6.3.1.3 如果尿渗透压 100 mOsm/kg,推荐同时在采取血液标本的基础上解释尿钠浓度。 6.3.1.4 如果尿钠浓度30mmol/l,推荐接受有效循环血量降低为低渗性低钠血症的原因 6.3.1.5 如果尿钠浓度 30mmol/l,建议评估细胞外液状况和利尿剂的应用,以进一步明确低钠血症的可能原因。 6.3.1.6 不建议检测加压素用于诊断SIADH.,关于区别低渗性低钠血症的参数的建议 (G22),需要同时采取血和尿标本方可对实验室结果做出正确解释 尿钠浓度和尿渗透压测定最好取自同一标本 如果临床评价表明,细胞外液量无明显增加,尿钠浓度30 mmol/L,在考虑SIAD之前,排除其他原因低渗性低钠血症血症。可考虑根据表6中列出的诊断标准,寻找SIAD的已知原因。 原发或继发肾上腺皮质功能低下可能是低渗性低钠血症的潜在原因 肾脏疾病使得低钠血症鉴别诊断复杂化。除了导致可能的低钠血症外,肾脏调节尿渗透压和尿钠能力常降低。因而,尿渗透压和尿钠可能不再能够可靠地反映激素对血钠的调节作用,任何低钠血症的诊断程序均应慎用于肾脏病患者 水负荷试验无助于对低渗性低钠血症的鉴别,且存在危险。,SIAD诊断标准,基本准则 有效血浆渗透压275毫渗/公斤 有效渗透压某种程度的下降,尿渗透压100毫渗/kg, 临床正常容量 正常的盐和水摄入量下,尿钠浓度30 mmoll, 无肾上腺,甲状腺,垂体或肾功能不全 最近没有使用利尿剂 补充标准 血清尿酸0.24 mmolL( 4毫克/分升) 血清尿素 3.6 mmolL( 21.6毫克/分升) 0.9%生理盐水输注后未纠正低钠血症 钠排泄分数0.5 % 尿素排泄分数55 % 尿酸排泄分数12 % 通过液体限制低钠血症得以校正,为什么提出对低渗性低钠血症进行鉴别的参数?,Why this question? Hypotonic hyponatraemia has many possible underlying causes. These include, but are not limited to, non-renal sodium loss, diuretics, third spacing, adrenal insufficiency, SIAD, polydipsia, heart failure, liver cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome (see sections 5.6 and 5.8). Clinicians have traditionally used the clinical assessment of volume status for classifying hyponatraemia as hypovolaemic, euvolaemic or hypervolaemic (87, 101, 102). However, clinical assessment of volume status is generally not very accurate (90). Hence, we wanted to know which tests are most useful in differentiating causes of hypotonic hyponatraemia, in which order we should use them and what threshold values have the highest diagnostic value.,多因素:低渗性低钠血症见于许多原因:非肾性钠丢失,利尿剂,第三腔室,肾上腺皮质功能低下,SIAD,烦渴,心衰,肝硬化和肾病综合征(见5.6和5.8) 传统方法评估缺陷:临床医生以传统方法对低钠血症的低、等和高血容量状态进行评估。但临床方法失之于精确。 因此,本指南复习文献旨在了解哪些试验有助于鉴别低渗性低钠血症。什么阈值最具有诊断价值。,根据尿渗透压和尿钠浓度进行容量评估 1,以尿渗透压和尿钠对患者容量状态进行评价优于传统容量临床评估方法,故应优先考虑。后者的敏感性与特异性均较低。 受过训练的医生较之未用该方法的高年资医生的诊断水平为优。,Clinical assessment of fluid status We found two studies indicating that in patients with hyponatraemia, clinical assessment of volume status has both low sensitivity (0.50.8) and specificity (0.30.5)。Similarly, it seems that clinicians often misclassify hyponatraemia when using algorithms that start with a clinical assessment of volume status .Using analgorithm in which urine osmolality and urine sodium concentration are prioritized over assessment of volume status, physicians in training had a better diagnostic performance than senior physicians who did not use the algorithm,根据尿渗透压和尿钠浓度进行容量评估 2,尿渗透压评估: 尿渗透压用于对低钠血症的加压素活性进行评价。 低渗血症时,生理学上应使尿液最大限度稀释,以缓解低渗血症。除非低渗未能完全抑制抗利尿激素释放 对于主要因水摄入过多的低钠血症,抗利尿激素释放被抑制,致使尿渗透压100 mOsm/kg 。相反,在抗利尿激素未受到抑制的患者,尿渗透压高于血清渗透压。 这样在100 mOsm/kg 和血清渗透压值之间为尿渗透压留下了一个“灰色区域”。在这个灰色地带,人们不清楚抗利尿激素的活性如何。摄水过多可能仅仅适度抑制抗利尿激素活性。,根据尿渗透压和尿钠浓度进行容量评估 3,尿钠浓度(1): 有5项试验对尿钠浓度在低血容量与等容量或高容量的鉴别进行研究。所有研究均以输注0.9%氯化钠后血清钠升高作为低容量血症的参考标准。 4项研究评估了尿钠浓度30 mmol/l 作为鉴别等容量与低血容量血症的诊断标准的特异性和敏感性 所有研究均表明:该标准的敏感性较高,但特异性变化范围较大,five studies assessing diagnostic accuracy of urine sodium concentration for differentiating hypovolaemia from euvolaemia or hypervolaemia. All studies used a rise in serum sodium concentration after the infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride as the reference standard for diagnosing hypovolaemia (89). Four studies assessed the sensitivity and specificity of a urine sodium concentration 30 mmol/l for diagnosis of euvolaemia vs hypovolaemia All found similarly high sensitivity estimates ranging from 0.87 to 1.0 but variable specificity estimates ranging from 0.52 to 0.83(89, 103, 108).,根据尿渗透压和尿钠浓度进行容量评估 3,尿钠浓度(2): 有试验将高血容量者纳入研究,以同样的阈值(尿钠浓度 30mmol/l )作为区分低容量血症与等容量和高容量血症的标准 尿钠浓度30mmol/l 对于用否利尿剂的患者均显示了高敏感性和低特异性。 分别用50mmol/l 和 20mmol/l 的尿钠浓度作为标准,进行不同血容量状态评估的结果均不理想。其敏感性与特异性均较以30mmol/l作为阈值为低。,Fenske et al. also included hypervolaemicpatients. They assessed the same threshold for distinguishing hypovolaemia from euvolaemia and hypervolaemia but analyzed patients with and without diuretics separately (107) A urine sodium concentration 30mmol/l had high estimated sensitivities of 1.0 and 0.94 respectively in patients off and on diuretics, but low specificities of 0.69 and 0.24 respectively (107). Others evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a urine sodium concentration 50mmol/l (109) and 20mmol/l (109) but found lower sensitivities and specificities respectively than with a threshold of 30mmol/l.,将临床证据转化为鉴别诊断方法,尿渗透压 尽管尚无理想评价加压素活性的精确的诊断研究,但是尿渗透压100mOsm/kg几乎总是表明因水摄入过多所导致的最大尿液稀释。由于检测尿液渗透压是一项简便易行地证实过量水摄入的方法,指南推荐将测量尿渗透压作为低钠血症诊断的第一步 尿钠浓度 如果尿渗透压 100mOsm/kg,则需应进一步低钠血症为高血容量、等容量还是低血容量。由于临床难以对患者循环血量做出准确评价,常使临床医生误入歧途,因此,指南根据大量循证医学资料,推荐将尿钠浓度30mmol/l,作为动脉有效循环血量过低的指标,此标准亦可用于应用利尿剂的患者。这一阈值对于在区分低循环血量与等容量和高容量上,显示了高度敏感性和可接受的特异性。,关于确定将尿渗透压和尿钠作为鉴别诊断的有关文献,53 Thaler SM, Teitelbaum I & Berl T. “Beer potomania” in non-beer drinkers: effect of low dietary solute intake. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1998 31 10281031. (doi:10.1053/ajkd.1998.v31. pm9631849) 113 Joyce SM & Potter R. Beer potomania: an unusual cause of symptomatic hyponatremia. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1986 15745747. (doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(86)80442-5) 103 Musch W, Thimpont J, Vandervelde D, Verhaeverbeke I, Berghmans T& Decaux G. Combined fractional excretion of sodium and urea betterpredicts response to saline in hyponatremia than do usual clinicaland biochemical parameters. American Journal of Medicine 1995 99,348355. (doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80180-6) 107 Fenske W, Stork S, Koschker AC, Blechschmidt A, Lorenz D,Wortmann S & Allolio B. Value of fractional uric acid excretion in differential diagnosis of hyponatremic patients on diuretics. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 29912997. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0330) 108 Musch W & Decaux G. Utility and limitations of biochemical parameters in the evaluation of hyponatremia in the elderly. International Urology and Nephrology 2001 32 475493. (doi:10.1023/A:1017586004688,1 假性低钠血症,2 非低渗性 低钠血症,3 低渗性 低钠血症,等渗性 低钠血症,高渗性 低钠血症,低渗 低容量 低钠血症,低渗 等容量 低钠血症,低渗 高容量 低钠血症,低钠血症的病理生理分类 pathophysiology of hyponatraemia,1假性低钠血症(pseudohyponatraemia),为实验室的人为现象 血液中高浓度脂肪和蛋白干扰血钠测定 火焰光度测量法比离子选择性电极更常见假性低钠血症 在未经稀释的标本中测量渗透压,所测血钠结果可信,可避免假性低钠血症。 直接用血气分析的电位测定法测定,血钠真实,因为电位法也不必稀释标本 假性低钠血症的血渗透压正常 妊娠期间,血清钠可能降低45mmol/l,2 非低渗性低钠血症 (Non-hypotonic hyponatraemia),等渗性低钠血症 Isotonic hyponatraemia 高渗性低钠血症 Hypertonic hyponatraemia,等渗性低钠血症 Isotonic hyponatraemia,大多数低钠血症患者,血液低渗状态,即钠和有效渗透压均降低 当血清含有其他渗透性物质增加有效渗透压,并由于吸引细胞内的水而导致低钠血症 这些渗透性物质主要包括: 控制欠佳糖尿病的高血糖,泌尿外科和妇科冲洗液甘露醇和甘氨酸的吸收 由此而产生的所谓“移位”性低钠血症常被误判为假性低钠血症,但假性低钠血症血液渗透压正常且不发生水移位(The resulting translocational hyponatraemia is often wrongly considered a form of pseudohyponatraemia. However, as described earlier, in pseudohyponatraemia, serum osmolality is normal and no shifts of water occur.),高渗性低钠血症 Hypertonic hyponatraemia,高血糖诱导的低钠血症,低钠血症系因高渗稀释造成。对测量的渗透压和有效渗透压进行识别十分重要 有效渗透压通过以下公式 (血钠校正公式)计算: 无效渗透分子(Ineffective osmoles) 肾脏疾病时,尿素增加,但尿素 可通过细胞膜,故 不产生有效渗透压效应, 不吸收水到细胞外, 不产生低钠血症。,3低渗性低钠血症 Hypotonic hyponatraemia,5.7. 低容量低渗性低钠血症 (Hypotonic hyponatraemia with decreased extracellular fluid volume),循环血量不足,无论是否失钠均刺激加压素(抗利尿素)分泌 虽此时血液低张,但仍会继续吸收水以补容量不足。 因血容量不足刺激加压素释放的利弊: 1 对于低钠、低渗不利 2 对于维持循环血量有利,消化道丢失 肾保钠: 尿钠减少,皮肤丢失 多汗,利尿剂,原发性 肾上腺 皮质功能 减退: 醛固酮,钠的非肾源性丢失,钠的肾源性丢失,脑耗盐: 需要容量 补充,肾疾病,第三腔室丢失,肠梗阻、急性胰腺炎、 sepsis、肌肉大面积损伤 血管内液体渗漏 循环血量显著减少 刺激压力感受器而释放加压素 低钠血症。 若再给予低张液体灌注则会使低钠血症恶化,低容量低渗性低钠血症示意图,2019/4/20,34,可编辑,5.8. 正常(等)容量低渗性低钠血症 Hypotonic hyponatraemia with normal extracellular fluid volume,Euvolaemic hyponatraemia is caused by an absolute increase in body water, which results from an excessive fluid intake in the presence of an impaired free water excretion, either due to inappropriate release of vasopressin or due to a low intake of solutes,在游离水排泄机制 或因加压素不当释放 或因低容质摄入而受损时,摄入液体过量可导致等容量低钠血症,正常(等)容量低渗性低钠血症,低渗液体摄入过多:加压素无变化,尿呈低渗 100 mOsm/kg。见于原发性烦渴患者饮水量大于 肾排量,甲状腺功能低下,继发性肾上腺皮质功能不全,syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) 与血液有效渗透压和循环血量无关 来自垂体或异位产生 由于ADH活性增高,尿渗透压增高 100 mOsm/l,5.9.,高容量低渗性低钠血症(水肿、水中毒) Hypotonic hyponatraemia with increased extracellular fluid volume,心衰,肾病综合征,肝病,肾病,低钠血症,排除高血糖和其他原因的非低渗性低钠血症,低渗性低钠血症,30mmol/l 利尿剂 肾脏疾病 ?,尿钠浓度,100mOsm/kg,尿渗透压,急性或严重症状?,100mOsm/kg: 原发性烦渴 盐摄入不足、嗜酒,30mmol,Y,N,有效动脉血容量不足,考虑:利尿剂 肾脏疾病,如果ECF减少: 呕吐,肾耗盐,脑耗盐 隐匿性利尿, 原发性肾上腺功能不全,如果ECF正常: SIAD,甲减,隐匿性利尿 继发性肾上腺功能不全,如果ECF减少: 呕吐,第三腔室, 远程利尿剂,如果ECF增加: 心衰,肝硬化, 肾病综合征,其他疾病,Y,立即开始 低钠血症治疗,N,低钠血症 诊断程序图示,A urine osmolality 100 mOsm/kg should trigger additional diagnostic testing to determine the underlying cause of hyponatraemia: ultimately classified into hyponatraemia with increased, normal or redu extracellular fluid volume. Because clinical assessment of fluid status is often difficult and may lead clinicians down the wrong path, we have consciously steered away from the traditional approach of including it in the algorithm here. Instead, we recommend determining urine sodium concentration on a spot urine sample. It is important to collect the serum and urine sample around the same time to allow correct interpretation of the values. We have selected a urine sodium concentration threshold of 30 mmol/l because several studies indicated good sensitivity and acceptable specificity in distinguishing hypovolaemia from euvolaemia or hypervolaemia (89, 103, 107, 108). This means that a urine sodium concentration 30 mmol/l suggests low effective arterial blood volume, even in patients on diuretics.,尿渗透压100 mOsm/kg 时,应进一步明确低钠血症的原因,最终将其分为高、正常,低细胞外液容量低钠血症。 由于临床常常难于评价液体状况,致使医生做出错误判断。指南推荐检查尿钠含量。应同时采集血液和尿液标本进行检测。 指南选择30mmol/l尿钠浓度作为阈值以区分低容量血症和等容量血症或高容量血症。几项研究均表明30mmol/l是区分低容与等容和高容的阈值。 如尿钠浓度30 mmol/l 提示动脉血容量过低,低渗性低钠血症的治疗如何应用治疗推荐 7. Treatment of hypotonic hyponatraemia How to use the treatment recommendations (26),症状严重程度?,中重度症状?,急性低钠血症,循环血量不足?,细胞外液量增多?,症状严重的低钠血症 7.1,中重度症状的低钠血症 7.2,无严重或中重度症状的低钠血症 7.3,低容量的慢性低钠血症 7.4.4,高容量慢性低钠血症 7.4.2,是,否,是,否,Y,N,Y,N,Y,N,慢性低钠血症 7.4,SIAD 7.4.3,低渗性低钠血症 处理流程图,7.1.1:严重低钠血症患者(慢或急性)第1小时处理 First-hour management, regardless of whether hyponatraemia is acute or chronic,7.1.1.1. We recommend prompt i.v. infusion of 150 ml 3% hypertonic over 20 min (1D). 7.1.1.2. We suggest checking the serum sodium concentration after 20 min while repeating an infusion of 150 ml 3% hypertonic saline for the next 20 min (2D). 7.1.1.3. We suggest repeating therapeuticrecommendations7.1.1.1 and 7.1.1.2 twice or until a target of 5 mmol/l increase in serum sodium concentration is achieved(2D). 7.1.1.4. Manage patients with severely symptomatic hyponatraemia in an environment where close biochemicaland clinical monitoring can be provided (not graded).,7.1.1.1 : 推荐立即静脉输注3%高渗盐水150ml,速度20分钟以上 (1D) 71.1.2: 20分钟后检查血钠浓度并在第二个20分钟重复静脉输注3%高渗盐水150ml (2D) 7.1.1.3: 建议重复以上治疗推荐两次或直到达到血钠浓度增加5mmol/L (2D) 7.1.1.4: 应该在具有密切生化和临床监测的环境下对有严重症状的低钠血症患者进行治疗,7.1.2:1小时后血钠 5 mmol/L,症状改善的接续治疗,7.1.2.1. We recommend stopping the infusion of hypertonic saline (1D). 7.1.2.2. We recommend keeping the i.v. line open by infusing the smallest feasible volume of 0.9% saline until cause-specific treatment is started (1D). 7.1.2.3. We recommend starting a diagnosis-specific treatment if available, aiming at least to stabilise sodium concentration (1D). 7.1.2.4. We recommend limiting the increase in serum sodium concentration to a total of 10 mmol/l during the first 24 h and an additional 8 mmol/l during every 24 h thereafter until the serum sodium concentration reaches 130 mmol/l (1D). 7.1.2.5. We suggest checking the serum sodium concentration after 6 and 12 h and daily afterwards until the serum sodium concentration has stabilised under stable treatment (2D).,7.1.2.1:推荐停止输注高渗盐水(1D) 7.1.2.2:保持静脉通道通畅,输注0.9%盐水直到开始针对病因治疗(1D) 71.2.3:如果可能开始特异性诊断治疗,但至少是血钠浓度稳定(1D) 7.1.2.4:第1个24h限制血钠升高超过10ml,随后每24h血钠升高8mmol. 直到血钠达到130mmol/l 7.1.2.5: 第6h,12h复查血钠,此后每天复查,直到血钠浓度稳定,7.1.3:1小时后,血钠 5mmol/l,但症状无改善,7.1.3.1. We recommend continuing an i.v. infusion of 3%hypertonic saline or equivalent aiming for an additional 1 mmol/l per h increase in serum sodium concentration (1D). 7.1.3.2. We recommend stopping the infusion of 3% hypertonic saline or equivalent when the symptoms improve, the serum sodium concentration increases 10 mmol/l in total or the serum sodium concentration reaches 130 mmol/l, whichever occurs first (1D). 7.1.3.3. We recommend additional diagnostic exploration for other causes of the symptoms than hyponatraemia (1D). 7.1.3.4. We suggest checking the serum sodium concentration every 4 h as long as an i.v. infusion of 3% hypertonic saline or equivalent is continued (2D).,7.1.3.1:继续静脉输注3%高渗盐水,使血钠浓度增加1mmol/l. (1D) 7.1.3.2:有下列之一者停止输注高渗盐水: 症状改善, 血钠升高幅度达10mmol/l 血钠达到130mmol/l, (1D) 7.1.3.3: 建议寻找存在症状的低钠血症以外的原因(1D) 7.1.3.4: 只要继续3%高渗盐水输注,建议每隔4小时检测一次血钠(2D),严重低钠血症管理临床建议,最好制备3%盐水备用,以免不时之需或紧急情况下的配置错误 对于体重异常患者,可考虑2ml/kg 的3%盐水输注,不拘泥于150ml. 不必要求重度低钠血症患者症状立即回复,脑功能恢复需待时日,且患者镇静剂应用及插管等均影响判断。此时可参考7.1.2推荐建议处理 记住:如果患者同时有低钾血症,纠正低钾血症则可能使血钠增加,严重低钠血症管理临床建议,如根据7.1.2.1建议,达到每小时增加1mmol/l,可应用AdrogueMadias公式计算,但血钠实际的增加可能超过计算值:,Na+:钠浓度 (mmol/l); K+, 钾浓度 (mmol/l). 公式1分子是公式2的简化。估测总体水(升)通过体重分数计算:非老年男性是0.6,非老年女性0.5.,老年男性与女性分别是0.5和0.45。通常细胞外液和细胞内液分别占总体水的40%60% (The fraction is 0.6 in non-elderly men and 0.5 in non-elderly women and 0.5 and 0.45 in elderly men and women respectively. Normally, extracellular and intracellular fluids account for 40 and 60% of total body water respectively.),7.2. 中重度低钠血症 (Hyponatraemia with moderately severe symptoms),7211:立即开始诊断评估 7212:如果可能,停止引起低钠血症的所有治疗 7214:立即单次输注3%盐水(或等量)150ml,20分钟以上 7215:每24h血钠升高5mmol/l 7216:第1个24h血钠 10mmol/l 之后每日血钠 8mmol/l 7217:第1,6,12h检测血钠 7218:如果血钠上升而症状无改善,应寻找其他原因,7.3 无中重度症状的急性低钠血症 (Acute hyponatraemia without severe or moderately severe symptoms),7311:确定与以前的检测方法一致,且无标本错误 7312如果可能停止一切可能导致低钠血症的治疗 731314:开始诊断评价及病因治疗 7315: 如果急性血钠降低10mmol/l,单次静脉输注3%盐水150ml 7316: 4 h后用同样技术检测血钠。,7.4 :无中重度症状的慢性低钠血症: 7.4.1:一般处理 (Chronic hyponatraemia without severe or moderately severe symptoms),7411:去除诱因 7412:针对病因治疗 7423:轻度低钠血症,不建议将增加血钠作为唯一治疗 7424:中度或重度低钠血症,第1个24h应避免血钠增加10mmol/l,随后每24h 8mmol/l 7425: 中重度低钠血症,每6h检测血钠直至血钠稳定。 7426:对未纠正的低钠血症患者,重新考虑诊断程序,必要时专家会诊。,7.4.2:高血容量低钠血症 Patients with expa

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