英语写作指导综合我的总结ppt课件

写作,一、写作基础 二、读写任务 三、句子凝练 四、文采与复杂句 五、病错句修改,写作基础,请根据以下的情景说明, 使用5个规范的英语句 子描述全部所给的信息内容。 标题为 My English Learning 我学英语已经六年了，在英语学习上有了 一定的进步，但总是觉得英语难学，尤其是 英语中的一些习惯用法。自己今后一定要努 力学习这门有用的外语， 争取早日掌握这门 语言。 注：所给情景有时是中文要点，有时是表格。,我学英语已经六年了 I have been learning English for over 6 years. 在英语学习上有了一定的进步 I have made some progress in my English. 但总是觉得英语难学，尤其是英语中的一些习惯用法。 But I always feel English is hard to learn, especially some English idioms are difficult. 自己今后一定要努力学习这门有用的外语 I will work hard at this useful foreign language. 争取早日掌握这门语言。 I will try hard to grasp this foreign language.,My English Learning I have been learning English for over 6 years. It is six years since I began to learn English. I have made some progress in my English. With the help of my teachers and classmates, I have made progress in my English. Now Im doing well both in writing and reading in English. But I always feel English is hard to learn, especially some English idioms are difficult. But I still find it hard to learn English, such as some difficult idioms. I will try hard to master this foreign language. Difficult as it is, I have made up my mind to master this useful language by my hard work.,My English Learning It is six years since I began to learn English. With the help of my teachers and classmates, I have made progress in my English. Now Im doing well both in writing and reading in English. But I still find it hard to learn English, such as some difficult idioms. Difficult as it is, I have made up my mind to master this useful language by my hard work.,从上述例子同学们可以明 白什么样的句子叫“规范的英 语句子”。 其实， “规范的英语句子” 就是我们经常讲的三种句子：,A) Simple sentence: Hearing the news, he was happy.,B) Compound sentence A: He gave me a book but I forgot to bring it back home.,C) Compound sentence B: What he is doing has nothing to do with me.,Here are 3 ways to make sentences:,I.巧妙运用短语，写出规范的简单句：,1)借助名词短语做同位语,如：李立，男，19岁，1991年生；籍贯：广东。,Li Li, a boy of 19, was born in Guangdong in 1991.,2)借助介词短语做定语,李飞,男，10岁，棕色短发，身穿白色茄克。,Li Fei is a ten-year-old boy with short brown hair and in a white jacket.,如：有了Tom的帮助，我们很快就找到了他们的村子。,With the help of Tom, we soon found their village.,4)借助非谓语动词短语做定语或状语,如：他们站在大树下，等待着总统的到来。,They were standing under the big tree, waiting for the president. Standing under the big tree, they were waiting for the President.,3)借助介词短语做状语,II. 巧用连接词，写出规范的并列句：,如：他给我很多钱，我不要。,I was just walking down the street corner when I saw you.,如：我刚走到拐角处，就见到你了。,He gave me a lot of money but I refused.,III. 用好从句和引导词写出规范的复合句：,1) 名词性从句,如：老师生气。原因：王力迟到。,That Wang Li came late to school made the teacher very angry.,2) 定语从句,如：中国，地处亚洲东部；特点：地大物博、人口众多。,China, which lies in the east of Asia, is a great country with a large area and population as well as rich natural resources.,I was deeply moved by this, because I know Lei Feng is still living in our hearts.,3) 状语从句,如：雷锋还活在我们心中，我深受感动。,An example,假如你是高中三年级的学生张明,在学校组织了一项“有烦恼向谁说”的调查活动。请用英语给校报编辑写一封信，反映相关情况。内容包括：调查结果（如图所示）、持相应想法的理由及你对调查结果的建议、看法。,61% turning to friends and schoolmates,The majority of the students surveyed choose their friends or schoolmates as their ideal listeners when they have troubles and want to get away from them.,同龄人容易交流和理解,22% going to teachers and parents,Another 22% choose their teachers and parents to talk to.,阅历丰富,有生活和教育经验,17% keeping to themselves,There are 17% who dont share their troubles at all. They either think that their troubles are none of others business or find it hard to communicate with others.,不愿与别人说自己的事或难以与别人沟通,最后写看法，出彩之处！,From my point of view, students can benefit from turning to their teachers and parents who should care for teenagers and help them in their life and studies. 或： From my point of view, if one shuts himself away from others, he will find he has more and more troubles.,An example,假如你是高中三年级的学生张明,在学校组织了一项“有烦恼向谁说”的调查活动。请用英语给校报编辑写一封信，反映相关情况。内容包括：调查结果（如图所示）、持相应想法的理由及你对调查结果的建议、看法。,A sample,A survey has been conducted among us Senior 3 students on whom we are to tell about our troubles. The majority of the students surveyed select their friends or schoolmates as their ideal listeners when they have troubles and want to get away from them. Another 22% choose their teachers and parents to talk to. There are 17% who dont share their troubles at all, as they either think that their troubles are none of others business or find it hard to communicate with others. From my point of view, students should share their troubles with their friends and schoolmates since they are of the same age and can understand each other well.,读写任务训练,读写任务步骤: 一审读阅读材料寻找作者的论点,论据和结论 二概括原文观点转述作者的论点，论据和结论 三提出自己观点赞成或反对 四论证自己观点用事例论证自己的观点 五. 得出结论,读写任务型写作模板,标题 第一段: 第二段: 第三段:,概括所给短文内容要点约30字,过渡词引出主题句-自己的观点-理由 约100字,总结句 约20字,标题 标题是段落中心思想的精练表达形式。根据所写短文的内容，概括出中心思想然后加以提炼，拟定标题： Is time more valuable than money？ On Smoking How to make friends Happiness Is watching TV a good thing? My view of money / time / pollution My attitude toward building a car factory. Where there is a will, there is a way ,第一段：概括所给短文内容要点 注意：利用原文中所给的语言材料，用自己的话来写；概括后的文章意思要通顺，行文要连贯。 写作具体方法和要求: 第一段概括要做到开门见山: 例如: According to the passage, we know This article is mainly about The writer tells us that 第一段概括要抓住要点,语言精练; 概括中不要涉及细节或具体事情,第二段:过渡词引出主题句-自己的观点-理由 开头用语： I do agree with the author In some way, I agree with , but This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical. It is definitely not like that. As a matter of fact, From my personal angle alone In my opinion, I have similar experience with the writer As far as Im concerned ,第三段最后一段 : 总结句开头用语： In conclusion, In short, To make a long story short, In general, In a word, In brief, On the whole, All in all, ,注重以下几点: 1)每一段的开头句, 做到正确无误,引人入胜; 2)文中要有亮点,如地道的表达,谚语或名言; 3)句子要精练简洁,做到不罗嗦,控制在十五个句子左右,例如:能用非谓语做定语或状语就不要用定语从句或状语从句 4. 一定要留有时间进行检查,避免小语法错误扣印象大分; 5. 注重字体的美化,卷面的整洁。,句子凝练,写作训练的思路,写一完整的句子:,句子的完整 句子的连贯 句子的简洁 句子的多样化,主题句, 扩展句, 结论句,设计一个段落:,基础写作,读写任务,句子的分类,简单句: 只包含一个主谓结构的句子. 并列句: 主谓结构+ 连词(and, but, so, or) +主谓结构 (或更多的主谓结构) 复合句: 引导词+主谓结构, 主谓结构 (从句) (主句),五种基本的简单句,主语+不及物动词 2. 主语+及物动词+宾语,Birds fly. Buses run from dawn till midnight. We are studying hard.,We have read many books. They do shopping at the weekend. We are learning English.,3. 主语+系动词+表语 4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,We are students. He became a scientist. That sounds good.,He gave Tom a present. He offered me a job.,We made him our monitor. The manager thinks the plan practical. He will have his bike repaired. I wont have you speaking to your mother like that.,并列句,1. 用连词/副词 (and, but , so, for, or , not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, while, bothand, however, therefore),1) Li Ming is 18 years old and he is a student in No.1 Middle School. 2)Hurry up or youll be late for school.,3)I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me.,2. 用 “ ; ” 3. 用 “ ; + adv ”,1) We fished all day; we didnt catch anything.,We fished all day; however, we didnt catch anything. 2) The car was almost new; besides, it was in excellent condition.,but we,so all ,2) Lily does well in study; all the teachers think highly of her.,复合句,复合句里包含两个或更多的主谓结构, 其中有一个主谓结构为句子的主体称为主句，另一个些主谓结构为从句，他（们）只能充当句子的某一（些）成分，,如: 主语, 宾语, 表语, 同位语, 定语, 状语等. 根据他们在句子中的功能分别称为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句, 定语从句, 状语从句等.,句子的连贯,Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. Faulty: The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.,1. A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. 2. A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.,1. The idea he first mentioned sounded good. 2. The idea he mentioned sounded good at first.,前后的一致、对等、平衡,连贯性的要求是：句子前后之间要有照应，有衔接，思想的表达应该有序，清楚句子与句子之间的过渡要符合逻辑，不能造成歧义或矛盾,句子的简洁,文字简洁.,如下面这些短语均可用括号中的词代替: from time to time (often), draw a conclusion (conclude), with anger (angrily), It is clear that (clearly),试比较下列改写的句子.,Do you know the man who is speaking at the meeting? Look out for cars while you are crossing the street?,Do you know the man speaking at the meeting?,Look out for cars while crossing the street?,2.避免使用同义词重复.(如下面的这些句子, 划线部分重复, 应删掉).,1).He is blind in both eyes. He is blind in the left eye. 2).In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible. 3).The desk is round in shape and red in color. 4).I shall accompany my mother by going with her to the market.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,1. He gave many reasons for the failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing. 2. The Great Wall, which has a history of more than 2000 years, is one of the world heritages.,He gave many reasons for the failure, but none of them was convincing.,The Great Wall with a history of more than 2000 years is one of the world heritages.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,3. He attended the party though he was badly ill. 4. Nie Er, who is the composer of the National Anthem for the Peoples Republic of China, was born in Yunnan in February 1912.,He attended the party in spite of his illness.,Nie Er, the composer of the National Anthem for the Peoples Republic of China, was born in Yunnan in February 1912.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,5.He suggested that he be sent to tend the sick. 6.To my surprise, I was surprised to find no one there when I got there. 7.A teacher who has experience should have an idea about what he should do in such a condition.,He suggested being sent to tend the sick.,I was surprised to find no one there when I arrived.,An experienced teacher should know what to do in such a condition.,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,8. Do you know the girl who is dressed in red? Do you know the girl _. 9. The professor walked into the classroom and he carried a bag of books with him. The professor walked into the classroom, _. 10. The man who is standing by the window is our teacher. The man_is our teacher.,（dressed） in red,carrying a bag of books with him,standing by the window,练习:改写下列句子, 使其更简洁,11. We didnt know her telephone number, so we couldnt get in touch with her. _, we couldnt get in touch with her. 12. Johnson looked like a man who was wanted in Los Angeles for robbery. Johnson looked like a man _. 13. We finally reached home at 10 pm, and we were tired and hungry. We finally reached home at 10 pm, _.,Not knowing her telephone number,wanted in Los Angeles for robbery,tired and hungry,段落(设计好一个段落) 一般说来, 一个段落由三部分组成: 主题句,扩展句和结论句.主题句提出的论述的主题, 扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明,结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结论. 这三者是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成,构成一个完整的段落. 有些段落还有过渡句,它起到段与段之间的顺利过渡.,Task2: find out how to summarize the whole passage,段意合并法 要素串联法 主题概括法 1. Fill in the blanks. 2.Match the main idea with the proper skill.,文采与复杂句子,二、尝试写较复杂的句子的做法：,1. 改变句子的开头方式，不要一味地都是主语开头，接着是谓语、宾语，最多再多加一个状语（地点状语或时间状语），我们可以把状语置于句首，或用分词作状语。这样，能使句子读起来有点跌宕起伏，增加书面表达的表现力。,原文：The young man couldnt help crying when he heard the bad news.,修正：Hearing the bad news , the young man couldnt help crying,2. 在整篇文章中，避免只使用一两个句子，要灵活运用诸如倒装句、强调句、主从复合句、分词状语等。,原文The head of farm showed us around .The crops and vegetable grew very well.,修正The head of farm showed us around .How glad we were to see the crops and vegetable growing so well.,3.通过分句和合句，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。,原文We had a short rest . Then we began to play happily . We sang and danced . Some told stories. Some played chess.,修正After a short rest ,we had great fun singing and dancing ,telling jokes and playing chess.,4. 学会使用过渡词、连接词。文章是靠连词把句子串起来；恰当地使用连接词语，会使文章通顺、流畅，主题突出。,表起始的过渡语有first of all，to begin with，in my our opinion，according to，so far，as far as等。,表时间的过渡语有at first，then，later， firstly, secondly, meanwhile，in the end，finally，after that等。,表空间的过渡语有on the right left/on one side ofon the other side of，at the foot 等,表因果的过渡语有because of，thanks to，due to, owing to, in this way, One reason is that，thus，so，therefore，as a result（of）等。,表转折的过渡语有but，yet，however，on the contrary，except for，in spite of，otherwise，after all，in fact等。,表列举的过渡语有for example instance，takeas an example，such as，that is， like，as follows，in other words，and so on等。,表推进的过渡语有whats more，whats worse, in addition to，as well，等。,表总结的过渡语有in short，in brief， in a word，on the whole，to sum up等。,病错句修改,这里边的病错句不是绝对的，比如破句，在某些文学作为里属于修辞格 而串句有时候解释为将文章连贯起来,常见病句、错句分析 2.1 串句（run-on sentences） 1） 两个完整句子只用逗号隔开 English is a required course in most colleges， a student must pass it before he earns his degree. 2) 两个完整句子不适当地用连词and连接 I intend to go with your brother and you may do as you please. 3) 两个完整句子串在一起 Students should be careful of punctuation trouble will result if they are careless.,改正串句的方法主要有四种： 1） 分成两个句子 English is a required course in most colleges. A student must pass it before he earns his degree. 2) 用并列连词and, but, or 或nor 等连接两个句子. 这时须在并列连词之前加逗号 English is a required course in most colleges and a student must pass it before he earns his degree. 3) 用分号连接两个句子 English is a required course in most colleges；a student must pass it before he earns his degree. 4）改成复合句：将其中一个句子变成另一个句子的从句 Since English is a required course in most colleges， a student must pass it before he earns his degree.,2.2 破句（fragmentary sentences）:把句子的一部分当成一个句子。 In ten seconds I made my decision. A decision that changed the next seven years of my life. 分析：“A decision that changed the next seven years of my life.”是一个带有定语从句的名词词组, 实际上只是这个句子的一部分。 If a person possesses the ability and desires to go to college, I dont think money should stop him. Even though in some cases it does. 分析：从句“Even though in some cases it does.”被错当成一个句子。,当一个含有-ing的词或一个以to开头的短语出现在一个意群的开头时，往往会产生破句。如： I spent almost two hours on the phone yesterday. Trying to find a garage to repair my car. I plan on working overtime. To get this job finished. Otherwise, my boss may get angry at me.,增加细节引起的破句往往缺少一个主语（或者）谓语。通常出现在下列词语的后面： for example, also, except, such as, including, especially 如：The class often starts late. For example, yesterday at quarter after nine, instead of at nine sharp.,4. missing-subject fragments缺乏主语引起的破句 如：Tom went to the refrigerator to get milk for his breakfast cereal. And discovered about one tablespoon of milk left.,改正方法: 1) 把破句变成另一个完整句子的一部分。这时，标点符号要做相应的变化，而破句的第一个字母应该成小写字母： In ten seconds I made my decision-a decision that changed the next seven years of my life. 2）把破句变成一个完整句子，加进必要的句子成分；或破句变成原来完整句子的从句： In ten seconds I made my decision. It was a decision that changed the next seven years of my life. If a person possesses the ability and desires to go to college, I dont think money should stop him, even though in some cases it does.,2.3 赘句（wordy sentences/ redundancy）:用词不简练。表达某一思想，本来只要一、二个词，却用了冗长的词组或者从句。 Let me make one thing perfectly clear and that one thing is that one always want my readers to get the point of what I want to say immediately when they read my paper. 可该为：I always want my readers to get my point. 如何避免出现这种现象： 1） 避免同义词的重复 industrious and hard-working, buy and purchase, unbelievable and incredible; 2） 避免不必要的修饰语 (new)innovations,(very)perfect, kind(in nature) 3） 避免不必要的副词 repeat(again), return(back),continue(on), (still)remain 4） 避免同义连词重复，删去后者 in order thatand(so that), sinceand (because),2.4 修饰语错位（modifiers in wrong position）： 1) 注意形容词修饰语的定语位置和表语位置 排列顺序1：限定词-描述性形容词- 形状、大小、长度-颜色-来源、国籍-名词性形容词或动名词-名词 排列顺序2：主观感情-客观特性- 质料-目的 an expensive green German steel and nylon tennis racket a torn blue nylon shirt her lovely long white French wooden sailing boat 2) 注意副词或副词词组修饰语在句子中的位置 方式副词的位置： A）在不及物动词之后: She dances beautifully. B）在宾语之后或者动词的前面: They secretly decided to leave the town. C) 如果宾语比较长,我们通常把副词放在动词之前: She carefully pick up all the bits of broken glass.,D) 副词一般不放在动词和宾语之间，但well, badly, hard, fast等词例外。它们表示方式或程度时,有时可以放在长宾语之前： You know well that I cant drive. 注意：如果副词放在词组或从句之后,通常被认为是该词组或从句的修饰语。这时它的意思与把它放在动词前的意思不一样。试比较： They secretly decided to leave the town. They decided to leave the town secretly. E) 在动词+介词+宾语的句子中,副词或放在介词之前, 或放在宾语之后: He looked suspiciously at me. He looked at me suspiciously. F) 两个或两个以上副词或副词词组同时出现在句子中时,处理方法如下： 方式副词放在时间副词前 She cleaned the house thoroughly every weekend. 方式副词放在地点副词前 She put the bottles carefully on the doorstep.,地点副词放在时间副词前 She sang at the town hall last night. 方式副词+地点副词+时间副词 She put the bottles carefully on the doorstep every morning. G）某些副词或词组,可以放在句首,起强调作用，但这时句子的主谓要倒装。这样用的副词或词组有： never, seldom, scarcely, ever, scarcelywhen , hardlywhen, no soonerthan, nowhere, in no circumstances, on no account, only by, only than, only when, only in this way, not till, not only, so , neither, nor等. He had hardly left the building when the earthquake began. Hardly had he left the building when the earthquake began. He had no sooner left the building than the earthquake began. No sooner had he left the building than the earthquake began.,2.5 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）就是一个句子成分（分词短语、不定式动词短语等）找不到被修饰的主语，或者即使有被修饰的主语，但这个主语不符合逻辑。 1) 分词短语悬垂 误：Looking to the future，the computer field may seem very attractive to many people. 正：When we look to the future，the computer field may seem very attractive to many people. 2) 动名词悬垂 误：On hearing the news, my heart sank down. 正：On hearing the news, I felt my heart sinking down. 3) 不定式悬垂 误：To pass the exam, this exercise must be done. 正：To pass the exam, you must do this exercise. 4) 省略句悬垂 误：When a baby, his parents abandoned him. 正：When he was a baby, he was abandoned by his parents.,2.6 结构不平行 误:Students need textbooks, notebooks, and they need pens. 正:Students need textbooks, notebooks and pens. 误:Knowing how to study and to learn to budget time are important for college students. 正:Knowing how to study and learning to budget time are important for college students. 误:What we want and the thing we do are often opposite. 正:What we want and what we do are often contradictory.,2.7主谓不一致 误:Jack or Jill are coming down the hill. 正:Jack or Jill is coming down the hill. 误:Neither the teacher nor his students was prepared. 正:Neither the teacher nor his students were prepared.,practice: I wonder who has made this new innovation. I wonder who has made this innovation. The city has a population of half a million people. The city has a population of half a million . I shall tell him when he returns back. I sha