课件：Unit--Etiology-of-Traditional-Chinese-Medicine.ppt

Unit 5 Etiology of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Sharon Gan,outline,Warmup introduction Notes Text analysis Exercises,Warmup questions,terminology,邪气；邪；病邪 Pathogen 外邪 External pathogen 时邪 Seasonal pathogen 阴邪、阳邪、合邪（合：combined）,外感 External contraction 六淫 Six excesses 风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火、热（邪） Wind, cold, summerheat, dampness, dryness, fire, heat 外（风、寒、湿、燥） External (wind, cold, dampness, dryness) 内（风、寒、湿、燥） internal (wind, cold, dampness, dryness),风寒、风热、风湿、风燥、风痰 Windcold, windheat, winddampness, wind dryness, windphlegm 寒濕、風寒濕、濕熱、濕火、濕濁 cold-dampness ,wind-cold-dampness， dampness-heat ，dampness-fire ，dampness turbidity,濁邪、穢濁、暑氣、暑熱、暑濕 turbid pathogen，foul turbidity ， summerheat qi，summerheat-heat，summerheat- dampness 燥氣、燥熱、凉燥、溫燥、溫邪 dryness qi ，dryness-heat ，cool dryness ，warm dryness， warm pathogen,疫癘、伏氣 Pestilence， latent qi 時行戾氣; 癘氣; 疫毒 epidemic pathogen 毒 toxin 熱毒、火毒、濕毒、寒毒、時毒、麻毒、內毒、胎毒、蠱毒 heat toxin， fire toxin， dampness toxin ，cold toxin， seasonal toxin ， measles toxin ， internal toxin ， fetal toxin ，parasitic toxin,瘴毒; 瘴氣; 山嵐瘴氣 miasmic toxin 惡氣 malign qi 內傷 internal damage 五志 five minds ： a collective term for joy, anger, thought, anxiety, and fear, the same as five emotions 五志过极 excess among the five minds 五志化火 transformation of the five minds into fire,七情 seven emotions 喜、怒、憂、思、悲、恐、驚 joy ，anger ，anxiety ， thought ， sorrow， fear， fright,勞倦、房 overexertion and fatigue， sexual overindulgence 五味偏嗜、飮食節、酒癖 flavor predilection ，dietary irregularities， liquor addiction 水土不服 failure to acclimatize to a new environment 痰飮 phlegm-retained fluid,飮; 水飮 retained fluid 水濕、痰濕 water-dampness ，phlegm-dampness 瘀血 static blood ：the same as blood stasis or stagnant blood 稟賦不足 constitutional insufficiency,三因 three causes 內因 internal cause 外因 external cause 不內外因 cause neither internal nor external,Introduction,Definition: various kinds of factors that cause diseases etiology mainly includes the six exogenous pathogens, pestilence,（epidemic pathogenic factors ） the seven emotions, emotional frustration, improper diet, overwork, maladjustment between work and rest, traumatic injuries, insect or animal bites, phlegm retention, blood stasis, etc.,东汉时期的张仲景指出：“千般灾难，不越三条”。 Zhang ZhongJing of the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out: “Despite numerous diseases, they would not exceed three categories“.,宋代陈无择提出三因学说，即：外因、内因、不内外因。 Chen Wuze of the Song Dynasty put forward the theory of the three categories of etiologic factors, i. e. exogenous pathogenic factors, endogenous pathogenic factors and non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors.,六淫自外侵犯人体属于外因；七情直接伤及内脏属于内因；其它如饮食不节、过劳，外伤、虫害等属于不内外因。 six pathogenic factors invading the body from the outside pertain to exogenous pathogenic factors; the seven emotions directly involving the internal organs are attributed to endogenous pathogenic factors; other pathogenic factors, such as improper diet, overwork, traumatic injury, insect and animal bites, etc. , are said to be non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. “,辨证求因 seeking cause of disease through differentiation of syndromes 六淫是风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火的总称 The six exogenous factors are a general term for wind, cold, summer-heat, damp, dryness and fire,正常情况下，它们是六种气候因素，中医称为“六气”。 The six exogenous factors are a general term for wind, cold, summer-heat, damp, dryness and fire. Under normal conditions, they are six climatic factors. TCM calls them the “six qi.“,内生五邪即:内风、内寒、内湿、内燥、内火 five endogenous pathogens :the endogenous wind, endogenous cold, endogenous dampness, endogenous dryness and endogenous fire,The pathogenic features of the six exogenous pathogens,(l) The six exogenous pathogens have close relationships with the seasonal changes and living environment. 例如，风邪致病多在春季；暑邪致病通常在夏季；暑邪致病通常发生在夏至后；燥邪致病多在秋季；寒邪致病见于冬季。 For example, diseases caused by wind-pathogen mostly occur in spring; summer-heat diseases usually appear in summer; damp diseases often happen in later summer, dry diseases arise most often in autumn and cold diseases are often seen in winter.,The pathogenic features of the six exogenous pathogens,(2) The six exogenous pathogens may singly invade the body by a single pathogen and simultaneously and invade the body by more than two pathogen. 如，普通感冒通常由风寒之邪所致；泻泄由湿热之邪所致；风寒湿夹杂而致痹症等。 For example, common cold results frequently from pathogenic wind and cold; diarrhea is caused by pathogenic dampness and heat; bi-syndrome (arthralgia) is caused by pathogenic wind, cold and dampness and so on.,The pathogenic features of the six exogenous pathogens,(3) They may be transformed into each other. 例如，体内寒邪可化热，暑湿可以化火化燥伤阴。 Examples are: pathogenic cold in the body may be transformed into heat and prolonged summer-heat dampness may bring about dryness and fire to impair yin.,The pathogenic features of the six exogenous pathogens,(4) The last feature of the six exogenous pathogens is that they invade the human body via the body surface or from the mouth and nose or through both concurrently. 这就是“外感六淫” This is known as “affection resulting from six exogenous pathogens.“,The seven emotions,Definition the human mental activities. In TCM, they are classified into seven classes: joy, anger, melancholy, anxiety, grief, fear and terror(喜、怒、哀、思、悲、惊、恐。 ).,内伤七情 internal injury caused by the seven emotions 当突然、强烈、持久的精神刺激超出了人体的适应力和忍受力，情感刺激就会成为致病因素，引起气、血和脏腑的功能失调和阴阳失衡，从而导致疾病 When sudden, strong, long or protracted （prolonged）emotional stimuli go beyond the bodys adaptability and endurance, the emotional stimuli will become pathogenic factors, which cause dysfunction of qi, blood and the zang-fu organs and imbalance of yin and yang, hence leading to diseases.,中医云：“怒伤肝；喜伤心；忧伤肺；思伤脾；惊恐伤肾” TCM says, “Anger impairs the liver; excessive joy impairs the heart; grief or melancholy impairs the lung, anxiety impairs the spleen, and fright or fear impairs the kidney“ .,“怒则气上；喜则气缓；悲则气消；恐则气下；惊则气乱；思则气结” “Anger causes the qi (to the liver) to ascend: joy makes the qi (of the heart) sluggish; sorrow makes the qi (of the lung) consumed; fear induces the qi (of the kidney) to dissipate; fright causes the disorder of the qi (of the heart) ; and anxiety brings about the depression of the qi (of the spleen).“,comparison,The seven emotions v.s. six exogenous pathogens in causing diseases. 六淫通常由肌肤口鼻侵犯人体，在早期多属于表证 The six exogenous pathogens usually invade the body through the skin, mouth and nose, and it is mostly exterior syndromes at the early stage of the onset.,七情致病，则是直接影响相应的脏腑而发病。因为某一脏腑与某一情志活动有密切关系。 The seven emotions directly affect the corresponding zang-fu organs to bring on diseases because a certain zang-fu organ is closely related to a certain emotional activity.,Special phrases,1.邪气 1.Pathogenic factors; pathogens 2.外邪 2.exogenous pathogenic factors; (exogenous pathogenic) 3.时邪 3.seasonal pathogenic factors (seasonal pathogens) 4.风邪 4.pathogenic wind,Special phrases,5.内风 5.endogenous wind 6.外风 6.exogenous wind 7.风为百病之长 7.Wind is the first and fore