课件：第二章微生物学基本实验操作及常见微生物.ppt

Chapter 2 The experimental basis of microbiology and microorganisms 微生物学基本实验操作及常见微生物,常见微生物 Bacteria/细菌 Actinomycetes/放线菌 Cyanobacteria/蓝细菌 Archaeobacteria/古生细菌 Other prokaryotes/其他原核生物,Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells 细菌细胞的大小、形态及其排列方式,Most bacteria fall within a range from 0.2 to 2.0 m in diameter and from 2 to 8m in length. 直径：0.22.0m；长度：28m They have a few basic shapes-spherical coccus (plural, cocci, meaning berries), rod-shaped bacillus (plural, bacilli, meaning little staffs), and spiral. 形态：球状、杆状、螺旋状,Cm = 10-2 meter mm = 10-3 meter m = 10-6 meter nm = 10-9 meter,Bacteria/细菌,The thousands of species of bacteria are differentiated by many factors, including morphology (shape), chemical composition (often detected by staining reactions), nutritional requirements, biochemical activities, and source of energy (sunlight or chemicals) 细菌鉴定的参数： 形态学鉴定 （显微观察） 化学组分分析（染色） 生理生化检测（营养、生化活性、能源）,How to identify an unknown bacterial species ? 如何鉴定未知细菌的种属？,Arrangement of Spherical Bacterial Cells 球菌细胞排列方式,diplococci /双球菌,streptococci /链球菌,Tetracocci/四叠球菌,Sarcinae 八叠球菌,staphylococci /葡萄球菌,Spherical coccus 球 菌,The three most important genera are: Micrococcus /微球菌 Staphylococcus /葡萄球菌 Streptococcus/链球菌,Micrococcus aerobic, gram-positive, catalase positive, cell arranges mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters, nonmotile. They are often yellow, orange or red in colour 微球菌需氧，G+，触酶阳性 ，细胞排列为双球、四叠或无规则丛生，不运动。黄色，橙色或红色。,Staphylococcus - facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive, usually form irregular clusters, nonmotile, catalase positive but oxidase negative, ferment glucose anaerobically. 葡萄球菌兼性厌氧， G+，通常细胞排列为无规则丛生，不运动，触酶阳性 ，氧化酶阴性 ，厌氧发酵葡萄糖,staphylococci,staphylococci,Streptococcus - facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, catalase negative, gram-positive, Cell arranges in pairs or chains, usually nonmotile, A few species are anaerobic rather than facultative. 链球菌兼性厌氧或微好氧，触酶阳性 ， G+，细胞排列成对或链状，通常不运动。少数种类厌氧。,Rod-shaped bacteria 杆 菌,Diplobacilli/双杆菌,Streptobacilli/链杆菌,Single bacillus/单杆菌,Coccobacillus/球杆菌,Clostridium botulinus肉毒梭菌 C. butyricum酪酸梭菌 C. aceticum 醋酸梭菌 C. tetani 破伤风梭菌 C. putrificum 腐败梭菌,Bacillus subtilis 枯草芽孢杆菌 B. mycoides蕈状芽孢杆菌 B. megaterium巨大芽孢杆菌 B. thuringiensis苏云金芽胞杆菌 B. anthracis 炭疽芽孢杆菌 B. bBotulinus肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌 B. cereus 蜡状芽孢杆菌,Spore-forming rod shaped bacteria/芽孢杆菌 Almost all Spore-forming bacteria are Gram+ /几乎所有芽孢杆菌G+,Clostridium Anaerobic 梭菌厌氧,Bacillus Aerobic 杆菌需氧,Nonspore - forming rod shaped bacteria 无芽孢杆菌 Most nonspore forming rod shaped bacteria are Gram- 几乎所有无芽孢杆菌G-,Representatives/典型代表: Escherchia coli大肠杆菌 Proteus变形杆菌 Flavobacteria黄杆菌 Pseudomonas假单胞菌 Rhizobium 根瘤菌 Azotobacter固氮(细)菌,Vibrio, Spirillum and Spirochete 弧菌、螺旋菌、螺旋体,Vibrio 弧菌，不完整的螺旋,Spirillum 螺旋菌，12个螺旋,Spirochete 螺旋体，612个螺旋,弧菌显微照片,Actinomycetes 放线菌,Actinomycetes are filamentous bacteria. Their morphology resembles that of the filamentous fungi; however, the filaments of actinomycetes consist of procaryotic cells. 放线菌是丝状细菌。其形态学上类似于丝状真菌，但其菌丝体由原核细胞组成。,Filamentous, High G + C content, Gram-positive (63 78% GC) 丝状，高G+C含量，G+,Shape of Actinomycetes 常见放线菌的形态,Various types of spore-bearing structures on the streptomyces 链霉菌不同特征孢子丝形态 P30,Streptomyces/链霉菌,Chain of conidiospores 孢子丝,Agar surface 琼脂层,Substrate mycelium 营养菌丝,Aerial hyphae 气生菌丝,The cross section of an actinomycete colony showing the substrate mycelium and aerial mycelium with chains of conidiospores 链霉菌横截面，示意营养菌丝、气生菌丝、孢子丝,Various types of spore-bearing structures on the streptomyces,Representive genera/代表属: Streptomyces 链霉菌属 Nocardia 诺卡氏菌属 Actinomyces 放线菌属 Micromonospora 小单孢菌属 Streptosporangium 链孢囊菌属 Actinoplanes 游动放线菌 Frankia 弗兰克氏菌属,Over 500 distinct antibiotic substances have been shown to be produced by streptomycete. 有500多种抗生素由链霉菌产生。 More than 50 antibiotics have been used in human and veterinary medicine, agriculture and industry 有超过50种的抗生素应用于人类、兽医及工农业。,Antibiotics 抗生素,Actinomycetes 放线菌,Ecology and isolation of Streptomyces: Alkaline and neutral soils are more favorable for the development of Streptomyces than are acid soils. Streptomyces require a lower water potential for growth than many other soil bacteria. Media often selective for Streptomyces contain the usual assortment of inorganic salts,The streptonycetes are a large group of filamentous, gram positive bacteria that form spores at the end of aerial filaments. They have the highest GC percentagein the DNA base composition of any bacteria known. Many clinically important antibiotics have come from Streptomycetes species,Concept:,Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌,The cyanobacteria have typical prokaryotic cell structures and a normal gram-negative cell wall. 蓝细菌具有典型的原核细胞结构，通常G。 They range in diameter from about 1 10 m and may be unicellular or form filaments. 其直径在110 m ，单细胞或形成菌丝体。 They have chlorophyll and carry out oxygen-producing photosynthesis, much as plants and the eukaryotic algae do. 具有叶绿体，能进行类似与高等植物和真核藻类一样的光合作用，释放出氧气。,Filamentous Cyanobacterium 丝状蓝细菌,Nonfilamentous cyanobacteria 非丝状蓝细菌,The morphological diversity of the cyanobacteria is considerable. 蓝细菌在形态学上有很大的差异,Main function of Cyanobacteria/ Photosynthesis/光合作用 Nitrogen fixation/固氮作用,Archaeobacteria differ from eubacteria in a number of other ways. For example, their cell walls never contain peptidoglycan, they often live in extreme environments, and they carry out unusual metabolic processes. 古细菌与真细菌在很多方面存在差异。例如，其细胞壁不含肽聚糖；常生活在极端环境中；进行非常规的代谢途径。,The Archaebacteria 古细菌,The methanogens, strict anaerobes that produce methane (CH4) from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. 产甲烷菌，严格厌氧、转化C02 和 H2产生甲烷。 Extreme halophiles, which require high concentrations of salt for survival. 极端嗜盐菌，需要高浓度的盐环境才能成活。 Thermoacidoph