全国职称英语等级考试试卷及答案理工类A.pdf

2016 职称英语真题及答案 (理工 A) 第 1 部分：词汇选项（第115 题，每题 1 分，共 15 分） 下面每个句子中均有1 个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1 个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Only people over 18 are eligible to vote. A. honest B.qualifiedC. enabled D.clever 2. The latest car model embodies the new research development. A. lists B. includesC. borrows D.broadens 3. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extreme. A. severeB.hardC.warm D. dry 4. She is an artist whose work will undoubtedly withstand the test of time. A. grade B.attractC. bear D. suffer 5. He wore a shabby thin overcoat in the cold winter so that he fell ill. A.old B.bigC. new D.small 6. The weather was so gorgeous that many people went outing. A. uncontrollable B. pleasantC. cloudy D. unbearable 7. Competitors must abide by the judges decision A. keep B. readC. understand D. obey 8. The umbrella was ingeniously devised to fold up into the pocket. A. seriously B. cleverlyC. attentively D. carefully 9. Some newspapers in the west are notably biased. A.especially B.whollyC. totally D. fairly 10. His answers were obscure and confusing. A.unclear B.obviousC. clear D. direct 11. The way she looked after her young sister was really touching A. disturbing B. connectingC.moving D.waving 12. We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty. A. stable B. suitableC.changeableD.adaptable 13. They have built canals to irrigate the desert. A. decorate B.changeC. visit D.water 14. The details of the costume were totally authentic. A. outstanding B. realC. creative D. false 15. The new garment fits her perfectly. A. clothesB.haircutC. purse D.necklace 答案： BBCCA BDBAA CCDBA 第 2 部分：阅读判断（第1622 题，每题 1 分，共 7 分） 下面的短文后列出了7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如 果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B； 如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 The Greatest of Victorian Engineers In the hundred years up to 1860, the work of a small group of construction engineers carried forward the enormous social and economic change that we associate with the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The most important of these engineers was Isambard Kingdom Brunel,whose work in shipping, bridge-building, and railway construction, to name just three fields, both challenged and motivated his colleagues. He was the driving force behind a number of the hugely ambitious projects, some of which resulted in works which are still in use today. The son of an engineer, Brunel apprenticed with his father at an early age on the building of the Thames Tunnel. At the age of just twenty, he became engineer in charge of the project. This impressive plan to bore under the Thames twice suffered two major disasters when the river broke through into the tunnel when the second breach( 决口) occurred in 1872, Brunel was seriously injured during rescue operation and further work was halted. While recovering from his injuries, Brunel entered a design competition for a new bridge over the Avon Gorge near Clifton.The original judge of the competition was Thomas Telford, a leading civil engineer of his day, who rejected all entries to the competition in favor of his own design. After considerable scandal, a second contest was held and Brunels design was accepted. For reasons of funding, however, exacerbated( 加剧) by social unrest in Bristol, the project was abandoned in 1843 with only the towers completed. After Brunels death, it was decided to begin work on it again,partly so that the bridge could form a fitting memorial to the great engineer.The entire structure was finally completed in 1864. Today, the well-known Clifton Suspension Bridge is a symbol of Bristol, just as the Opera House is ofSydney. Originally intended only for horse-drawn traffic, the bridge now bears over four million motor vehicles a year. 16. Brunel was an important airplane engineer in Britain during the Industrial Revolution. A. Right B.Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. Brunel was involved less in railway construction than in other engineering fields. A. Right B.WrongC. Not mentioned 18. Brunel worked only on shipping, bridge-building and railway construction. A. Right B.Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. Brunels work was largely ignored by his colleagues. A. Right B.Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. Someprojects Brunel contributed to are still in use today. A. Right B.Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. Brunel became an apprentice with his father when he was very young. A. Right B.Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. The Thames Tunnel project was more difficult than any previous projects undertaken in Britain. A. Right B.Wrong C. Not mentioned 答案： BBBCAAC 第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子（第2330 题，每题 1 分，共 8 分） Geothermal（地热） Energy 1 Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones， the heat from the earths center flows outwards towards the surface. In this way， it transfers to the next layer of rock. If the temperatureis high enough， some of this rock melts and forms magma （岩浆） .The magma ascends in its turn towards the earths surface. It often remains well below the earths surface， creating vast areas of hot rock. In such regions， there are deep cracks， which allow rainwater to descend underground. Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earths surface where it will appear as a hot spring.However， if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable （不可渗透的） rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. If geothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached by drilling wells. Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally， and can be used to produce electricity in geothermal power plants. 2。A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stem reservoirs which produce steam butlittle or no water. In these cases ， the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant， constructed at LardarelloinItaly， was of this type， and isstill producing electricity today. 3。Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either“flash“steam plants or binary （双重的） plants。Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300to 700 Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or two separators where released from the pressure of the underground reservoir ， it“ flashes“ or boils into steam Again， the force of this steam provides the energy to spin the turbine and produce electricity. The geothermal water and steam are then reinjected directly back down into the earth to maintain the volume and pressure of the reservoir.Gradually they will be reheated and can then be used again. 4。A reservoir with temperatures below 300 Fahrenheit is not hot enough to flash steam but it can still be used to generate electricity in binary fluid. The steam from this is used to power the turbines. As in the flash steam plant ， the geothermal water is recycled back into the reservoir. 23.Paragraph 1_ 24.Paragraph 2_ 25.Paragraph 3_ 26.Paragraph 4_ _ A. Recyclable water and steam B.Binary plants C.Flash steam plants D. Generation of electricity E. Origin of geothermal energy F. Dry steam plants 27. A geothermal reservoir is formed whenhot water is trapped under_. 28. A dry-steam reservoir produces steam with_. 29. Flash plants produce hot water through_. 30. In a binary plant, the heat of the geothermal water can be converted into_. A. hot springs B. impermeable rock C.little or no water D.turbine operator E. one or two separators F. the energy to turn aturbine 答案： EFCB 阅读理解 第一篇 Sports Star Yao Ming If Yao Ming is not the biggest sports star in the world,he is almost certainly the tallest. At 2.26m, he is the tallest player in the National Association (NBA) and holds the record as the most towering Olympian ever to compete in the Games. But what really stands out about the giant center is his celebrity (名气). Few, if any, Chinese athletes are as well-known as Yao around the world. People across the globe are fascinated with Yao, not only for his basketball prowess (杰出的才能 ) but also for being a symbol of international commerce. When Yao joined the Houston Rockets as the No. 1 pick inthe 2002 NBA draft ( 选拔), he was the first international player ever to be selected first. His assets on the court are clear enough no NBA player of his size has ever possessed his mobility,so he is a handful (难对付的人） for opponents on either endof the court. But what makes Yao invaluable to the Rockets organization is hisrole as a global citizen and as a bridge to millions of potential basketball fans in China. When it was announced in February that Yao would miss therest of the NBA season and possibly the Olympics with a stress fracture ( 骨折） in his left foot, a collective shudder (震动) spread across China. After considerable debate and discussion, Yao opted to get his foot surgically treated in an operation that placed several tiny screws across the bone, to offer his overburdened foot more support. The surgery was a success, and though the estimated four-month recovery period will leave him little time to prepare with Team China, Yao has vowed to be ready for the Beijing Olympics. Yao wrapped up a 10-day trip to China, where he underwent a series of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments, hoping to accelerate his recovery process. Western experts are generally skeptical of TCMs benefits, although new research from the University of Rochester suggests that a certain compound derived from shellfish may speed stimulate bone repair. “There is no reason to dismiss TCM,“ Yao told apress conference in Beijing. “It s been used in our country for thousands of years. I dont think that its short on science.” 31. The word “towering“ in Paragraph 1 means A. Iarge. B. fat. C. tall. O. great. 32. Opponents find it very difficult to control Yao Ming because of his A. mobility. B. assault C. defense. D. celebrity. 33. Yao Ming had to undergo a series of TCM treatments because A. his right foot had been hurting. B. he wanted to make a more rapid recovery. C. the surgical operation had been a failure. D. he couldnt afford all the medical expenses. 34. Which statement about Yao Ming is NOT true? A. Hemissed the Athens Olympics. B. He is an NBA player. C. He fractured his left foot. D. He is an international figure. 35. In general, the Western experts attitude towards TCM is A. indifferent. B. positive. C. negative. D. doubtful. 答案： CABAD 第二篇 Deforestation and Desertification(沙漠化） The Sahelzone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile savannahs(热带大草 原）of northern Nigeria and South Sudan. The word sahel comes from Arabic and means marginal or transitional ,and this is a good description of these semi-arid( 半干 旱）lands, which occupy much of the Western African countries of Mail, Mauritania, Niger, and Chad. Unfortunately,over the last century the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into once productive Sahel lands. United Nations surveys show that over 70percent of the dry land in agriculture use in Africa has deteriorated overthe last 30 years. Droughts have become more severe, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place across southern Africa as the Kalahari desert advances into Botswana and parts of South Africa. One ofthe major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by the pressures of increasing population. Overgrazing 一 keeping too many farm animals on the land 一 means that grasses and other plants cannot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Over cultivation 一 trying to grow too many cropson poor land 一 results in the soil becoming even less fertile anddrier, and beginning to break up. Soil erosion (侵蚀) follows,and the land turns into desert. Another cause of desertification is loss of tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel and to clear land for agricultural use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together, to conserve moisture, and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen, wind and rain erosion increase, other plant species die, and eventually the fertile topsoil may be almost entirely lost, leaving only bare rock and dust. The effects of loss of top soil and increased drought are irreversible. They are,however, preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils and lessen the effects of shortage of rainfall. One project in Kita in south-west Mali funded by UNDP has involved local communities in sustainable management of forest,while at the same time providing a viable(有活力的） agricultural economy. This may be a model for similar projects in other West African countries. 36The Sahel zone is an area which _. A. is covered with sad and grass B. has a long history C. occupies much of South Nigeria D. belongs to Sudan 37. What is the situation about the desertification in Africa? A. The deserts are replaced with grasslands B. The deserts are expanding C. the deserts are moving northwards D. the deserts are being deserted 38. The word “deteriorated ” in paragraph 2 means _. A. deepened B. suffered C. slipped D. worsened 39. What is the root cause of desertification? A. poor farming B. overpopulation C. radical climate change D. disappearance of rare plant species 40. In order to prevent desertification,the author proposes _. A. making good use of international aids B. developing a sustainable agricultural economy C. gaining international support D. converting agricultural land intoforest 答案： ABDAB 第三篇 Older Volcanic Eruptions （这篇在学派网提供的考前模拟题中） Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger ， but because the carbon dioxide （二氧化碳） they released wiped out life with greater ease. Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptionsand mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruption skilled off large numbers ofanimals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the“killing efficiency“ for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava ( 熔岩) that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective atwiping out life as their more recent rivals The Permian ( 二叠纪 )extinction, for example, which happened 250 millionyears ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumpedout about 10 gigatonnes (十亿吨 ) of carbon as carbon dioxide.The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera ( 种类)at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within tens of thousands of years. “The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all,“ Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs ( 恐龙) 65million years ago, becausemany scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid ( 小行星 ). He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2. Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignalls idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds thatitis difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, andthat lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions. 41.Older volcanic eruptions did more damage than more recent ones because A. older volcanoes were brighter. B. carbon dioxide made the earth muchwarmer C. older volcanoes were hotter D. carbon dioxide killed off life moreeasily 42. Wignall calculated the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions by A. estimating how long they lasted B. counting the dinosaurs they killed C. comparing the proportion of life killed with the volume of lava produced D. studying the chemical composition oflava 43. When did dinosaurs become extinct? A. 300 million years ago. B. 250 million years ago C. 65 million years ago D. 60 million years ago 44. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that the cause of dinosaur extinction is_ A. a political issue. B. self-evident. C. quite certain D. controversial 45. What is the main thesis of the article? A. Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly. B. Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming. C. Older volcanic eruptions are more destructive D. It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption 答案： DCCDC 第 5 部分：补全短文（第4650 题，每题 2 分，共 10 分） Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These areseemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs ColumbianCollege of Arts and Sciences ，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years agoasan adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U.S, England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees to walk on two legs. “Th