英语阅读理解的基本方法技巧.doc

阅读理解的基本方法技巧1 快速阅读的基本方法技巧从考试角度考虑，阅读理解的关键要抓两点：一是答题迅速，二是准确无误。因此阅读考试需要解决的一个根本问题就是如何在有限的时间内高效率地完成阅读题。换言之，怎样才能做的又好又快这就少不了快速阅读的方法技巧。常见的快读方法有计时阅读（Timed Reading）、略读（Skimming）、寻读（Scanning）、意群阅读(Sense Group Reading) 等。我们在此向大家一一介绍这些方法技巧。A. 意群快速阅读所谓“意群”也即是有意义的语法结构（英语称作sense groups），通常为词组、短语。顾名思义，“意群阅读法”也就是按词组、短语在文中的组合意义整体阅读，而不是单个的词汇阅读。我们知道，词是语句的基本组成单位，意群是语句的基本构成单元。单个词并无多大意义，只有组合起来，在上下文关系中形成特殊的意群，才能获得特殊的、确定的意义。由此可见，意群阅读是提高阅读效率、把握文章整体的关键。因此，我们在阅读文章的时候，目光不应当停留在每个单词上，而应当放在中心词上，把目光集中在意群的中心，从一个意群中心词到另一个意群中心词，这样的意群整体扫描是提高阅读速度的行之有效之法。汉语常常用“一目十行”来形容某人读书速度快。英语的阅读训练有素者同样能达到这一境界。但对于一般的普通读者来说，能做到“一目数词”也相当不错了。慢不一定就准，阅读速度慢的人的阅读模式类似小学低年级学生读课本，看一个字读一个字，然后再想这个字的意思。这样的阅读方法目光再快也跟不上AAA测试的速度。因此，要提高阅读速度，就得根除逐字阅读的坏习惯。而按意群阅读，既能提高目光的效率，又有利于整体思维，连词成句。下面读者不妨自己做这样一个比较，先按逐字阅读的习惯方法阅读以下段落，看看要用多少时间。Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of these tribes have never had any communication outside of their small geographical areas. When they do contact the outside world, their lives usually change. Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them. How can primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world？How can they do this without becoming lost？ （75词）然后再用意群阅读法阅读下面同一段落，看看共花多少时间。为了便于阅读，我们用分隔号“”把句中的一个个意群隔开。Many small cultural groupslive in placesfar away from modern cities.Some of these tribes have never hadany communicationoutside of their small geographical areas.When they do contactthe outside world,their lives usually change.Learning how to changewithout losing the bestof their own culturesis a problem for them.How can primitive cultureslearn to livein a technological world？How can they do thiswithout becoming lost？（18个意群）Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seagoing boat, or calculated the length of the year but we know all about the killers and destroyers. People think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general. （114词）显而易见，采用“意群阅读法”能一眼同时看到三个词或五个词，甚至更多的词。这样就大大节省了阅读的时间，起到事半功倍的作用。B. 略读略读又称浏览或掠读，就是迅速地阅读，以求抓住文章的梗概。略读的目的是为获得大意或者总体印象而进行阅读。略读作为一种快速阅读技巧对我们来说并不陌生。这就像我们看报纸时，几版、十几版的页面不可能一字不漏地往下看，只能用最快的速度找出主题，略掉一些无关紧要的细节或与主题不甚相干的部分，知道其中的大概内容即可。这种方法要求我们不要把眼睛盯在具体的每个单词上，而是要看篇章中的主题句或者是从篇章的结构着手，利用自己的推理能力，对文章的信息进行分析，从而归纳总结出主题。善于略读的人会有选择地阅读，跳过一些无关的句子、段落甚至是整页的内容，只看自己感兴趣的东西。训练有素的略读者的阅读速度可以达到每分钟1000个词以上。略读的关键在于一个“略”字，注意力应该集中在大意，而不是细节上。试以下文为例：Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me here and there.I have sought love, first because it brings ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life, I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me. 使用略读法，我们的目光只去捕捉以下关键的字眼：第一段：Three passions,., have governed my life: (l)the longing for love, (2)the search for knowledge, (3) unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind;第二段：I have sought love because (l) it brings ecstasy ; (2) it relieves loneliness; (3) I have seen.the vision of the heaven;第三段：With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to (l) understand ; (2) to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend .第四段：Love and knowledgeled upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.第五段：This has been my life, and would gladly live it again.这样一来，大大减轻了阅读的负担，一篇近300词的文章，阅读其中的100个词就能概括全部的内容。略读归纳起来也就两句话：抓主谓结构，看前后衔接。C. 寻读所谓“寻读”，就是通过目光扫视，以最快的速度从一篇文章中披沙拣金，迅速寻找出你所期望得到的某一具体情况、数据等。以日常生活为例。假如你要买一台价格适中、性能良好的计算机，你可浏览有关计算机广告。各种广告林林总总，品牌不同、功能各异、价格不等。你便可先从价格上考虑，通过寻读，找出几个你准备买的型号，然后从性能、信誉上进行比较，最选中你想买的那一台。同理，寻读法也常见于阅读考试的细节题中。这种方法的特点是有的放矢，为我所用。譬如根据提问查找某一人名、地名，某一件事发生的年月或其他类似的情况。阅读理解的细节题寻读技巧利要是用得当，往往会省时省事，答案迅速而准确。1) 细读首段，理解大意 快读2) 看六选项，熟悉内容 略读3) 先易后难，尝试掂量 寻读4) 前后参照，敲定答案 细读2 如何识别信号词A. 什么是信号词所谓“信号词”(Signal Words) 是指一些在阅读中起着信号提示的词语。这些词语预示着将要读到的内容与上下文存在什么样的关系，或具有什么样的逻辑意思。因为我们知道，文章的句子不是无序地排列，而是按照一定关系，有目的、有规律地组织起来的。注意信号词能使我们了解作者的思路，理顺该句与上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而提高阅读理解的效率和准确率。请看下面这一段落：In that mill, I learned the process of making paper. First, the logs are put in the shredder. Then, they are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid. Next, they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then, sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.作者通过表示先后顺序的信号词first, then, next, after this, then 和finally, 有条不紊地描述出造纸工艺的整个过程。B. 信号词的类别信号词可以归纳为下面几种：l）表示递进的信号词：after all, also, again, and then, as well as, further more, additionally, in addition, in other words, moreover, to repeat等；2）预示有相同或类似内容的信号词：and, also, moreover, further, likewise, in addition, besides, similarly, as well as, the same as等；3）预示有不同或相反内容出现的信号词：but, however, while, whereas, on the other hand, on the contrary, as apposed to, to the opposite, otherwise等；4）表示因果关系的信号词：as, for, since, because, as a result, consequently, thus, so, therefore, for this reason, so that, thereby等；5）表示条件性的信号词：if, in case, assuming that, on condition that, on the supposition that, provided that等； 6) 表示总结性内容的信号词：in short, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, as a result, in sum, to sum up, by and large, to conclude等；7) 表示先后关系顺序的信号词：before, after, another, first, next, then, last, finally, afterwards, later on, since then, eventually, in the end, at last等；8) 表示解释、举例说明关系的信号词：for example, for instance, such as, to illustrate, evidently, obviously, in other words, that is to say, the same as等；9) 表示目的的信号词：in order to, in order that, so that, so as to, for the purpose that等。要是我们能把握住其中的黑体字信号词，那么将有助于全文的理解，提高做题的效率。3如何猜测不认识的词语在阅读文章的过程中，考生面临最大的问题是遇到不认识的单词或短语，或者认识的单词在文章中有了新的含义。如果这些词或短语不影响对文章主要内容的理解，考生便可以将它们略过，不中断阅读。如果这些词语的意思对正确理解文章很重要，就必须根据上下文的联系，根据构词法或其他方法对它们的意义进行猜测，使之不影响对整篇文章的理解。猜测词义通常可采用以下几种方法。A. 利用上下文确定词义通过上下文来猜测词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一，联系上下文可以帮助我们理解句子，确定词义。下面我们通过一些实例来简要说明如何通过上下文来确定词义。例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.对于dynamic一词大家可能不熟悉，下文的He seems to have unlimited energy（他似乎有用不完的劲）就是对 dynamic词义的解释。这样，我们便知道该词意为“有干劲的”。例2： A first-year college or university student is commonly a freshman, and sophomore, junior and senior designate the secondthirdand fourthyear student.要是对sophomore, junior 和senior几个术语不熟悉，通过后面的对应解释词语the secondthirdand fourthyear student我们便不难知道它们分别是指二、三、四年级的大学生。例3：The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.通过后面的through knee-deep mud（没膝深的泥浆），我们知道trudged一词的意思为与行走这一动作有关，在泥浆中行走，也就是“跋涉”。下面我们联系上下文，试确定以下各句中斜体字的含义。1.The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.2.The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.3.Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.4.Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.5.With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldnt help laughing.6.A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.7.Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything is in a state of turmoil.8.After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker became flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.9.Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.10.Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.通过上串下联，我们不难确定上述各句中斜体字的含义如下：1.umiak n. 一种大船2.hemlock n. 一种有毒植物（毒芹）3.litter n.一窝 bunnies小兔子4.hysterical a.歇斯底里，异常兴奋5.ludicrous a.滑稽可笑的6.nectar n.花蜜 honey sac蜜胃7.turmoil n.混乱8.flustered a.慌乱的9.intrigued a.感兴趣10.submissive a.顺从的B. 利用构词法确定词义掌握英语构词法，是提高阅读速度的技巧之一。在很多情况下，通过构词分析，便能理解不认识生词的含义，不至于中断阅读。因此，考生应当有效地利用自己所熟悉的词缀（包括前缀和后缀）和词根，通过构词法来是确定生词的含义。例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.Chemotherapy 是由chemo（意为chemical）和therapy (意为treatment），整个单词意思就是“化学疗法”。例2：They overestimate the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questions. overestimate over (过分、过度)estimate (估计)。因此overestimate的词义可猜测为“过高估计”。例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.句中的imperceptible 一词由前缀im-（非，不）词根percept（感知、觉察）后缀 -ible（能的）构成。几部分组合在一起，也就是“难以觉察的”之意。例4：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.其中的dispassioned为超纲词，我们可根据构词法dis + passion + ed知其大概意思：除掉激情的，也即是“冷静的”。C. 利用语法知识确定词义在很多情况下，各种语法知识可以帮助我们来判断词性、词义。例1：This set of books is for children. The first book of the sequence, which is one of the most popular series of childrens stories, is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.假定我们不认识sequence，利用定语从句which is one of the most popular series of childrens stories, 其中series就与sequence 同义，也就是“丛书”的意思。例2：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person.利用同位语a small boat for one person我们知道kayak是一种单人小船。例3：A solar eclipsewhen the moon passes between the Earth and the sunin an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.通过破折号解释我们知道solar eclipse为“日食”。例4：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.通过后面的解释我们知道Ventilation为“通风，流通空气”之意。例5：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathing.Stethoscope一词大家都不熟悉，通过后面的同位语解释an instrument for listening to a patients heartbeat and breathing，我们便能理解stethoscope的确切词义，即“听诊器”或“听筒”的意思。D. 根据同义、反义关系确定词义阅读中，特别是要注意表示反意的信号词：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to等，利用这些同义、反义关系，可以帮助我们确定词义。例1：My sister Marry is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.从while的转折关系可知optimist意思是“one who expects the best”, 即“乐观的”。例2：Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.根据Mother was tall, fat 以及后面as plump as的同义关系，我们知道plump为“丰满的”之意。例3：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying.concoct一词大家不熟悉，根据but的转折关系我们知道在此句中与was lying的含义大体相同，由此可知concoct的大概意思是“编造谎话”。例4：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloofnot friendly, of distance from others.假定我们不认识aloof一词，破折号后的反义关系：“不友好，冷漠” 就解释了aloof一词的含义。E. 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义有时候，逻辑推理和自身的生活经验及普通常识能帮助我们确定词义。例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.凭常识我们不难猜出fins, slimy和scales的确切意思分别是“鳍”、“滑溜的”和“鳞”，对于eels一词，我们只需知道是fish的一种（鳗类）就行了。例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.根据前半句的Not wanting to disturb（不愿打扰），我们便可大致推测出gingerly一词的含义：“小心翼翼地”。例3：A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.凭常识我们知道温度计下面的bulb是“水银球”。英语写作主题的展开1 怎样开好头首段一般要介绍写作意图和背景，点出主题，起到引领全文的作用。值得注意的是，本段思想不宜过多展开，否则可能造成后面段落无话可说的尴尬，文章结构上也会头重脚轻，影响整体美。一般引出主题可以用俗语，给人以熟悉、亲近感。比如，在写有关鼓励人勤奋、脚踏实地的话题时可以用No pains, no gains.这样的俗语开头。在写有关励志内容时可以用Where there is a will, there is a way. 开篇。亦可先提出一个众人熟悉且赞同的观点，然后提出与之截然想反的观点，形成悬念，给人以新鲜感，从而引起兴趣。如，写一篇关于怎样保持身体健康的文章，我们可以这样开始：Most people would agree that doing exercises is good to their health, but few realize that sometimes it may do more harm than good to your body. This depends on who you are, when and how you are doing exercises. 写作开头段根据不同的题目可采取不同的方法。常见的技巧方法有：1开门见山式。即在文章的开头就把自己的观点摆了出来。然后接着议论。这样的写法符合一般的英语写作规范。2迂回式。即由远及近，先叙述大环境的形式，逐渐接触本文的主题。这是一种较为典型的中式写作法。用于英语写作也未尝不可。但有的考生在第一段里写的内容几乎与文章的题目无任何关系，这就需要注意了。这种写法是不能接受的。3提问式。便于直接切入主题；如 “How do we get rid of bad habits? This is the most important thing for us to do at college.” 又如 “Why should people love animals?” 或 “When do we start doing things with the aid of computer?”等等。4引用式。引用成语习语 “A friend in need is a friend in deed. Mr. Li is such a friend of mine.” 又如 “Where there is a will, where is a way.” 以及 “ As the saying goes, money make the mare go” 等等。这一类开头容易得高分，需要较高的英语水平，但一定要引用准确，否则会弄巧成拙。2 怎样避免内容无序、思想混乱一篇文章要做到思想清晰，内容有序，必须围绕一定的中心逐步去展开。看下面短文问题何在。At present, Television has been an important entertainment tool. In spite of its some disadvantages, I think that its advantages outweigh disadvantages.People can learn all types of news from television, for example, current affairs, film, advertisements etc. But it takes too many money to buy. In addition, people can comfortably watch program uncostly with family at home. Although there is some noise after television is switched and it is harmful to our lives, in addition, many people certain to believe that television is beneficial to our lives. 这篇短文除了用词造句方面的错误外，主题展开中思想混乱，条理不清。从首段看文章主题是“电视优点胜过缺点”。接下来拓展段里时而说它的好处，时而说它的弊端，语句也不连贯，让人摸不清作者到底倾向什么观点。看修改过的内容：There are four reasons why television is beneficial. First of all, television gives us the news quickly. When there is an airplane accident or other problem anywhere in the world, we can know about it in a very short time. Secondly, television enables us to see distant places and foreign people, through which we can learn about other cultures. Thirdly, many lonely people watch television because they have no family and few friends. Television can make their lives a little happier. Most importantly, television provides good entertainment. After a long day at school or at work, we do not need to think hard when we watch TV. We can just sit and enjoy it. It is clear that television can be a good part of our lives. 首句为中心主题，统领全文。接下来逐条叙述电视给我们带来的好处，层次清楚。最后一句总结全文，呼应首句。因此，一旦确定一个主题，就应态度鲜明地以它为中心，去展开论证或叙述，不要受其他因素的影响，弄得主次不分，更不能喧宾夺主。此外，为了清楚有序地展开主题，达到理想的说服或叙述的效果，必须讲究段落展开的方法。从近几年考试情况来看，基本上是先描述图表，再以此为基础进行论述。描述一般包括时间顺序展开法和空间顺序展开法；论述则涉及到列举法、举例法、因果法、比较法和对比法。3 怎样运用描述法展开段落描述一般可以按照时间或空间顺序来进行。1) 时间顺序展开法围绕主题句，按时间先后顺序，利用时间连接词或提示词，逐步展开。To get the most out of his textbooks, a student should follow several steps very carefully. First, he should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, he should red for deeper understanding and formulate questions as he reads. Next, he should make notes of the major points of each chapter. After that he should test himself to be sure that he can answer questions likely to be raised in class and in examinations. Finally, he should review his notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to him.我们把常用的连接词分类归纳如下：起始：first, firstly, at first, first of all, in the first place, to begin with中间：second, secondly, in the second place, next, afterwards, after that, then, later, another, third, thirdly, still another, in addition, besides, furthermore最后：lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end2) 空间顺序展开法根据具体描述对象，可以从上到下，从左到右，或由远至近，由外及里地进行描述。看下面例子：As you come to the room, you can see a piano, with a low stool in front of it. Next to the piano is a tall bookcase, standing against the wall. On the right, there is a table with some cups on it. On the left of the piano, there is a wardrobe with a bright mirror. Close to it standing a beautiful artificial evergreen tree.本段以 piano为出发点，先右后左，由远至近，把房间布置有条不紊地描述出来了。空间顺序描述法常用衔接词和短语有：be situated/located at, be surrounded by, next to, to the east/west of, close to, fromto, over, under, below, between, across, from, opposite, adjacent, far behind, at the