电大供应链管理形成性考核册作业1-4答案【最新完整版.doc

电大供应链管理形成性考核册作业1-4答案 第一次作业 一、名词解释1管理模式 是一种系统化的指导与控制方法，它把企业中的人、财、物和信息等资源，高质量、低成本、快速及时地转换为市场所需要的产品和服务。2.供应链设计 供应链设计是企业规模的设计，是从企业整体的角度勾画企业蓝图，是扩展的企业模型。3.供应链合作伙伴关系 供应链合作伙伴关系一般是指在供应链内部两个或两个以上独立的成员之间形成的一种协调关系，以保证实现某个特定的目标或效益，也就是供应商-制造商关系，或者称为卖主/供应商-买主关系、供应商关系，供应链合作关系可以定义为供应商与制造商之间，在一定时期内的共享信息、共担风险、共同获利的协议关系。二、CACDDABAAC 三、1.ABC2.ABCD3.BC4.BCE5.ABCD6.ABCD7.AB8.AB 9.ABCDE10.ABCD 四、XXX五、问答题 1答：供应链的特征为（1）管理目标呈现多元化特征和超常的性质；（2）管理视域极大拓宽；（3）管理要素更加多样，包容度大大增加（4）管理系统的复杂度增加，系统边界日益模糊。 2答：（1）功能型产品和创新型产品的各自特点。不同的产品类型对供应链设计有不同的需求，如果根据产品的客户需求模式分类，可以分为两类：功能型产品和创新型产品。功能型产品的特点：能满足基本需要，因而需求稳定且可以预测，从而使供求可以达到近乎完整的平衡，这使市场调节变得很容易。但是稳定性会引起竞争，进而导致利润率较低；生命周期长；生产这种产品的公司可以集中几乎全部的精力去使物质成本最小化。在大部分功能型产品的价格弹性给定的情况下，最小化物质成本是一个极重要的目标。在这一过程中，整个供应链中的供应商、制造商和零售商要协调他们的活动以便能以最低的成本满足预测的需求。功能型产品更加重视物质功能。 创新型产品的特点：创新型产品需求不可预测。创新型产品能使公司获得更高的利润，但是创新型产品的新颖却使需求不可预测。创新型产品的生命周期短（通常只胡几个月），这是因为仿制品大量的出现，使得创新产品的竞争优势丧失，从而公司被迫进行一连串的更新颖的创新。生命周期缩短和产品的多样化使需求更加具有不可预见性。创新型产品具有高边际利润、不稳定需求的特点。因而市场具有不确定性，这增加了供求不平衡的风险。对创新型产品而言，市场调节成本是主要的。最重要的是要仔细研究新产品在整个周期内的销售量或其他市场信号，并快速作出反应。选择供应商要考虑的不是低成本，而是供货的速度和灵活性。 （2）功能型产品和创新型产品的供应链设计策略。功能型产品适宜于采取的供应链设计策略有：削减企业内部成本；不断加强企业与供应商、分销商之间的协作，从而有效降低整条链上的成本；降低销售价格，这是建立在有效控制成本的基础之上的，但一般不轻易采用，需要根据市场竞争情况而定。创新型产品适宜于采取的供应链设计策略，由于创新型产品具有需求不确定的特征，因此在用市场反应性供应链来提供创新型产品时，应采用如下策略：通过不同产品拥有尽可能多的通用件来增强某些模块的可预测性，从而减少需求的不确定性；通过缩短提前期与增加供应链的柔性，企业就能按照订单生产，及时响应市场需求，在尽可能短的时间内提供顾客所需的个性化的产品；当需求的不确定性已被尽可能地降低或避免后，可以用安全库存或充足的生产能力来规避其剩余的不确定性，这样当市场需求旺盛时，企业就能尽快地提供创新型产品，从而减少缺货损失。总之，要为企业寻找理想的供应链之前，必须先确定企业产品的类型和企业供应链的类型，并使两者合理匹配，从而实现企业产品和供应链的有效组合。 3答：从现有的客房中选择有如下好处：第一，以前相互往来的经历可为两家公司能否友好相处提供有力的证据。第二，人际间的关系纽带已经建立，在通常的情况下，加强与一个已彼此了解的公司的关系比与一个新公司建立关系要容易得多，第三，每个公司对对方公司的能力、商业理念和公司文化都有了一个比较清楚的看法。第四，合作双方将要组建的联盟企业的业务都很熟悉。虽然从现有的关系中挑选联盟伙伴有好处，但在考虑合作时也不要对现有的伙伴过分依赖。 第二次作业 一、名词解释 1商品分类管理 分销商或供应商的一种业务过程，通过把商品类别作为战略业务单位进行管理，有效地满足顾客需求，从而提高分销商（主要是指零售商）或供应商（主要指厂商）的商品类别效率与赢利能力，是ECR的核心组成部分。 2有效客户反应 有效客户反应是以满足顾客要求和最大限度降低物流过程费用为原则，能及时作出准确反应，使提供的物品供应或服务流程最佳化的一种供应链管理战略。 3生产进度信息 在企业检查生产计划执行状况的重要依据，也是滚动制定生产计划过程中用于修正原有计划和制定新计划的重要信息。 4供应商管理库存 供应商管理库存，有时也称为“供应商补充库存系统”，是指供应商在用户的允许下来管理用户的库存，由供应商决定每一种产品的库存水平和维持这些库存水平的策略。 二、ABBABBABBC 三、1.BCDE2.BCD3.ABCE4.ABCDE5.AB 6.ABCDE7.ABCD8.BCD9.AB10.DE 四、XXXXXX 五、问答题 1答： 条形码与EDI 固定周期补货 先进的补货联盟 零售空间的管理 联合产品开发 快速反应的集成2答：（1）CPFR的本质特点。CPFR是现代企业供应链整合的发展概念，是一种协同式的供应链管理方法。CPFR的本质特点表现为以下几个方面：协同；规划；预测；补货。（2）CPFR的实施步骤。第1步：供应链伙伴达成协议；第2步：创建联合业务计划；第3步：创建销售预测；第4步：识别销售预测的例外情况；第5步：销售预测例外项目的解决/合作；第6步：创建订单预测；第7步：识别订单预测的例外情况；第步：订单预测例外项目的解决合作；第步：订单产生。 3答：决策信息来源的差距（多源信息）；决策模式的差距（决策群体性、分布性）；信息反馈机制的差距（递阶、链式反馈与并行、网络反馈）；计划运行环境的差异（不确定性、动态性）。 4答：（1）供应链的动作问题。缺少供应链的整体观念；对用户服务的理解不恰当。（2）信息类问题。不及时提供交货状态数据；低效率的信息传递系统。（3）供应链的战略与规划问题。库存控制策略简单化；缺乏有效的协调机制；产品制造过程缺乏灵活性；忽视不确定性对库存的影响；库存数量的确定缺乏有效方法。 第三次作业 一、名词解释 1安全库存 安全库存是指当不确定因素已导致更高的预期需求或导致完成周期更长时的缓冲存货。安全库存用于满足提前期需求。在给定安全库存的条件下，平均存货可用订货批量的一半和安全库存来描述。 2条形码 是由一组宽度不同、反射率不同的条和空控规定的编码规则组合起来的、用以表示一组数据和符号，条形码技术是研究如何把计算机所需要的数据用一条形码来表示，以及如何将条形码表示的数据转变为计算机可以自动采集的数据。 3供应商关系管理 供应商关系管理是一种致力于实现与供应商建立和维持长久、紧密伙伴关系的管理思想和软件技术的解决方案，目标是通过与供应商建立长期、紧密的业务关系，并通过双方资源和竞争优势的整合来共同开拓市场，扩大市场需求和份额，降低产品前期的高额成本，实现双赢的企业管理模式。 4客户价值 客户价值是指整体客户价值与整体客户成本之间的差额部分。客户价值是一种相对价值，客户可以感知，但不能精确计算。 二、DABCDCADDA 三、1.ABCD2.ADE3.ABC4.CD5.CD 6.AB7.CDE8.CDE9.BC10.ABD 四、VVXVVXXXXV 五、问答题 1答：影响供应链成本的因素众多，物流、信息流、资金流及商务流的业务流程改变，各种业务流程上的诸活动的作业方法的变化，效率的提高或降低，资源消耗的降低或提高，库存量的变化等等，都会影响供应链成本。影响供应链成本的因素有：缺乏透明性；多变性；产品设计；信息共享。 2答：供应链成本管理是对供应链相关费用进行的计划、组织、协调与控制。对于供应链成本的控制决定了供应链自身的竞争能力，供应链成本控制策略的研究非常重要。供应链成本的控制策略有：物流一体化策略；产销物结合化策略；物流及时化策略。 3答：供应链处于动态的快速变化的市场环境中，供应链管理模式下的信息集成就是要集成供应链上所有流程中各个环节的信息，包括供应商和客户的信息，实现信息共享，保证成员企业在适当的时刻能够获得需要的信息，为各级管理人员提供可靠的决策依据，以便对快速变化的市场需求作出响应。信息技术是实施供应链管理的保证；通过信息共享减少需求放大供应；通过信息集成改进生产计划和控制；通过信息集成实现准时采购；通过信息集成改进物流管理。 4答：（1）客户关系管理。客户关系管理就是指通过客户行为长期地、有意识地施加某种影响，以强化公司与客户之间的合作关系。客户关系管理旨在通过培养公司的客户（包括内部客户和外部客户）对该公司的产品或服务更积极的偏爱或偏好，留住他们并以此作为提升公司营销业绩的一种策略与手段。（2）客户关系管理的实施步骤。为了成功地实施好CRM项目，企业大致需要经历下面的若干过程和步骤：根据企业现行业务状况进行需求分析；明确企业要实现的目标；建立团队，统一观念，加强培训；设计总体方案和制定项目规划；选择最适合企业情况的解决方案；高层管理者的支持和企业全员的参与；制定实施计划、步骤和阶段性衡量标准；设定TCO和ROI指标；功能参数配置、系统调试和上线准备；系统投入运行和优化。 第四次作业 一、名词解释 1敏捷制造 敏捷制造是一种每一个公司都能开发自己的产品和实施自己的经营战略的组织结构，包括有创新精神的管理组织、有知识且被适当授权的员工、采用柔性技术和网络技术等先进的制造技术。 2满意度指标 满意度指标是反映供应链上、下节点企业之间关系的绩效评价指标，即在一定时间内上层供应商对其相邻下层供应商的综合满意程度。 3标杆 标杆的内涵可以概括为，以那些出类拔萃的企业作为基准，将本企业的产品、服务和管理措施等方面的实际状况与这些基准进行定量评价和比较，分析这些基准企业的绩效达到优秀水平的原因，在此基础上选取改进的最优策略。 4绿色供应链管理 绿色供应链管理是一种在整个供应链中综合考虑环境影响和资源效率的管理模式，即在产品的生命周期过程中，从绿色设计开始，经过绿色材料的选用、绿色供应过程、绿色生产、绿色包装、绿色销售、绿色运输和使用，直到产品的废弃处置都要考虑其对环境的影响和资源的有效利用。 二、DAAACBDBAC 三、1.AD2.DE3.ABC4.ABC5.ABCD6.CE7.ABC8.ACE9.ABDE10.ACDE 四、XVXVXXXXXV 五、问答题 1答：（1）业务流程重组的内涵。业务流程重组（BusinessProcessReengineering,简称BPR）的基本内涵正是以作业为中心，摆脱传统组织分工理论的束缚，提倡顾客导向、组织变通、员工授权及正确地运用信息技术，达到适应快速变动的环境的目的。其核心是“过程”观点和“再造”观点。（2）业务流程重组的特点。以流程为导向。企业实施BPR就要打破传统的思维方式，以活动流程为中心实施改造。目标远大。宏伟的目标增加了BPR实施的难度和风险，使它成为一项复杂而长期的系统工程。打破常规。打破常规是BPR的一个本质特点。创造性地应用信息技术。信息技术是企业实施BPR的推动力。 2答：供应链的标杆管理是一种新型的标杆管理方法，它是将标杆管理的思想、工作方法贯穿于从供应商、制造商、分销商到第三方物流及最终用户的整个供应链过程。供应链的标杆管理实施步骤有：明确标杆的内容。关键是要深刻理解、正确把握影响企业成功的问题和症结所在，这些问题和症结才是主要内容。选择标杆企业（或部门）。选择标杆企业应遵循两个原则：一是应具有卓越的业绩与经济效益，应是行业中具有最佳实践的领先企业；二是标杆企业应与本企业或部门有相似的特点。收集资料和数据。作为基准线的资料数据可以来自单个的标标企业和部门，也可以来自行业、全国乃至全球的某些样本。通过与这类数据比较，可以了解企业（部门）在行业及国内外同行中所处的相对位置，明确努力方向。分析差距。对收集的数据进行分析比较，即可找出本企业与目标企业在绩效水平上的差距，以及在管理措施和方法上的差异。制定绩效目标。在分析的基础上，可确定追赶绩效目标，明确应该学习的标杆企业的最佳实践。综合与交流。将上述1-5项活动中抽取的各项进展同全体员工反复交流、征询意见，并将标杆管理所要达到的目标前景向全体职员通报。根据体体职员的意见，修改已制定的绩效目标，改进计划方案。全体职员的目标一致，等到一致，这是标杆管理活动能否取得成功的关键。标杆管理的成熟运用。标杆管理活动成功开展以后，应被作为企业经营的一项职能活动融入到日常工作中去。 3答：绩效报告是供应链及供应链企业内部管理控制过程中的重要项目，应该定期（按月或季度）编制绩效报告，以报告供应链整体、供应链企业及企业内的部门经营绩效，它可以作为组织上下阶层有效的沟通工具。供应链绩效报告的设计与编制应谨慎，使其发挥正面效果。绩效报告必须依据供应链及供应链企业的环境、组织、管理需求等方面的不同而有不同的设计，供应链管理报告在设计与编制时必须符合下列原则：配合组织构架；重点例外报告；内容力求简明相关；区分可控和不可控项目；报表格式的设计；适时提供绩效报告；协助决策的工具而非批评他人的依据。 4答：（1）绿色供应链管理的设计。获取重视。提出改进行动建议的人员通常负责分析提出的行动，描述公司行动和目标之间的适合度，然后提出同事和其他相关方需要参与的基本理由。选定工作对象。由于资源有限，实际上每个绿色供应链管理计划只能着重于几个特定的问题或者组织，有时绿色供应链管理项目的工作对象是事先决定的。选择方法。绿色供应链管理项目得到批准，配以一定的资源并确定了工作对象，下一步就是根据企业和供应链的实际情况，选择实施绿色供应链管理的方法。设定目标。绿色供应链管理发展的另一个阶段是目标设定。测量发展。绿色供应链管理的测量是基于设计的目标以及信息的可行性。（2）绿色供应链管理的实施途径。高层的重视；加强企业内部管理；加强供应商的环境管理；加强用户环境消费意识；加强管理部门的环境执法；职能整合；有效的沟通。1、供应链概念：生产及流通过程中，涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户懂的上游和下游企业所形成的网络结构。特征：复杂性，动态性，交叉性，面向用户需求。类型：稳定的供应链和动态的供应链；平衡的供应链和倾斜的供应链；有效性供应链和反应性供应链。2、价值链的特征：价值链是增值链；价值链是电子链；价值链是协作链；价值链是虚拟链。3、业务外包的意义：具有成本和财务管理优势；可以分担风险；加速重构优势的形式；使用企业不拥有的资源；4、业务外包的主要方式：研发外包；生产外包；物流外包；脑力资源外包；应用服务外包；临时服务外包；5、业务外包需要注意的问题：业务外包可以减少企业对业务的监控，但增加企业责任外移的可能性；员工问题；可能导致信息滞后；外包可能带来企业在交叉职能上的技能的丧失；可能使企业丧失对供应商的控制；6、集成化供应链管理的发展阶段：基础建设阶段；职能集成阶段；内部供应链集成阶段；外部供应链集成阶段；集成化供应链动态联盟阶段。7、建立供应链合作伙伴关系的驱动力：核心竞争力；不断变化的顾客期望；外包战略。8、建立供应链合作伙伴关系的意义：a、减小供应链上的不确定因素，降低库存；b快速响应市场；c加强企业的核心竞争力；用户满意度增加；9、供应链企业间委托代理关系的特征：供应链企业间是一种“合作竞争”的关系；供应链企业间的委托代理问题是多阶段动态模型；供应链企业间的委托代理是多任务委托代理；供应链企业间的委托代理是逆向选择和道德风险两类问题并存。10、供应链设计的步骤：分析核心企业的现状；分析核心企业所处的市场竞争环境；明确供应链设计的目标；分析组成供应链上的各类资源；提出供应链的设计框架；评价供应链设计方案的可行性；调整新的供应链；检验已产生的供应链；比较新旧供应链；完成供应链的运行。11、网络设计决策的影响因素：战略性因素；技术因素；宏观经济因素；政治因素；基础设施因素；竞争性因素。12、即时制采购的概念：基本思想是在恰当的时间和恰当的地点，以恰当的数量和恰当的质量提供恰当的物品，是为了消除库存和不必要的浪费而进行持续性改进；意义：即时采购增加了供应链柔性和敏捷性，体现了供应链管理的协调性，同步性和集成性。13、供应链管理环境下生产计划制订的特点：具有纵向和横向的信息集成过程，加强了能力平衡在计划中的作用；14、供应链生产控制的新特点：可把握生产节奏；控制库存和在制品；控制生产进度；缩小提前期。15、VMI的实施方法：建立顾客信息系统；建立销售网络系统；建立供应商和分销商的合作框架协议；组织机构的变革。16、JMI的实施策略：建立供需协调管理机制；发挥两种资源计划系统的作用；建立快速响应系统；发挥第三方物流系统的作用。17、供应链管理环境下信息流控制的特征：分布性；群体性；动态性。18、QR的含义：指在供应链中，为了实现共同的目标，零售商和制造商建立战略伙伴关系，利用EDI等信息技术，进行销售时点的信息交换以及订货补充等其他经营信息的交换，用搞频度小数量配送方式连续补充商品，以实现缩短交货周期，减少库存，提高客户服务水平，和企业竞争力的供应链管理方法。19、对供应链绩效的评估方法：现金到现金的周转时间；供应链库存总量；闲置时间；在货架上的货物占库存货物的百分比；供应链总成本；供应链反应时间。Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities s