2016最新电大国际贸易实务试题及答案小抄.doc

一、 单项选择题(在每小题的备选答案中选出一个正确的答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。每小题1分，共15分)1在国际贸易中，买卖商品是按重量计价的，若合同未明确规定计算重量的办法时，按惯例，应按( )。a净重计 b毛重计c皮重计 d重量计2按照现行的国际贸易惯例解释，若以cfr条件成交，买卖双方风险划分是以( )。a货物交给承运人保管为界b货物交给第一承运人保管为界c货物在目的港越过船舷为界d货物在装运港越过船舷为界3incoterms 2000c组贸易术语与其它组贸易术语的重要区别之一是( )。a交货地点不同b风险划分地点不同c风险划分地点与费用划分地点不同d费用划分地点不同4按照国际贸易有关惯例，卖方必须在运输单据上表明( )。a包装标志 b警告性标志c指示性标志 d运输标志5按fob条件达成的合同，凡需租船运输大宗货物，应在合同中具体订明( )。a装船费用由谁负担 b卸船费用由谁负担c保险费用由谁负担 d运费由谁负担6在国际贸易中，海运提单的签发日期是表示( )。a货物开始装船的日期b装载船只到达装运港口的日期c货物已经装船完毕的日期d装载船只到达目的港口的日期7海运货物中的班轮运输，其班轮运费应该( )。a包括装卸费，但不计滞期、速退费b包括装卸费，同时计滞期、速遣费c包括卸货费，应计滞期费，不计速遣费d包括装货费，应计速遣费，不计滞期费8必须经过背书才能进行转让的提单是( )。a记名提单 b不记名提单c指示提单 d备运提单9在海洋运输货物保险业务中，共同海损( )。a是部分损失的一种b是全部损失的一种c有时是全部损失，有时是部分损失d既是部分损失，又是全部损失10在国际贸易运输保险业务中，仓至仓条款是( )。a承运人负责运输责任起讫的条件b保险人负责保险责任起讫的条款c出口人负责交货责任起讫的条款d进口人负责接货责任起讫的条款11按中国人民保险公司海洋货物运输保险条款规定，三种基本险别就保险公司承担的风险责任范围的大小而言，下列四种排列顺序正确的是( )。a最大的是平安险，其次为一切险，再其次为水渍险b最大的是水渍险，其次为一切险，再其次为平安险c最大的是一切险，其次为水渍险，再其次为平安险d最大的是一切险，其次为平安险，再其次为水渍险12在进出口贸易中，代理人或经纪人为委托人服务而收取的报酬叫做( )。a酬金b回扣c折扣d佣金13信用证的基础是国际货物销售合同，而且又是开证行对出口人的有条件的付款承诺，所以，当信用证条款与销售合同规定不一致时，受益人可以要求( )。a开证行修改b开证人修改c通知行修改d议付行修改14汇票有即期和远期之分，在承兑交单(da)业务中，( )。a只使用远期汇票，不使用即期汇票b只使用即期汇票，不使用远期汇票c既使用即期汇票，也使用远期汇票d即期汇票和远期汇票同时使用15卖方发盘限15日复到有效，14日下午收到买方复电要求减价3并修改交货期，正研究如何答复时，次日上午又收到买方来电接受发盘，( )。a于是，合同按卖方发盘条件达成b于是，合同按买方提出条件达成c于是，合同按买方还实盘条件达成d此时，合同尚未达成二、多项选择题(在每小题的备选答案中选出二个或二个以上正确的答案，并将正确答案的号码填在题干的括号内。正确答案未选全或有选错的，该小题无分。每小题2分，共10分)16为防止运输途中货物被窃，应该( )。a投保一切险，加保偷窃险b投保水渍险(即单独海损赔偿)c投保一切险d投保偷窃险e投保一切险或投保平安险和水渍险种的一种，加保偷窃险17仲裁协议是仲裁机构受理争议案件的必要依据，按照有关规定，仲裁协议( )。a必须在争议发生之前达成b只能在争议发生之后达成c可以在争议发生之前达成d必须在争议发生之后达成e可以在争议发生之后达成18国际贸易货物海洋运输当中的过期提单是指( )。a提单签发日迟于货物装船完毕日b提单晚于货物到达目的港c提单签发日早于货物装船完毕日d卖方向银行交单时间超过提单线发日期21天e卖方向买方交单时间超过提单签发日期21天19不可抗力的事件范围较广，引起的情况一般为( )。a卖方原因b买方原因c自然力量d社会力量e外部力量20在履行出口合同过程中，若以cif或cfr成交，采用信用证作为支付方式，卖方应做好的工作环节有( )。a备货、报验b申请进口许可证c制单结汇d租船订舱、办理货运手续e催证、审证、改证三、名词解释题(每小题3分，共15分)21样品22班轮23汇票24提单25询盘四、简答题(每小题5分，共25分)26信用证的性质和特点是什么?27在什么情况下才构成实际全损?28“交货”和“装运”在不同的价格术语条件下，为什么有时是同一个概念，有时又互异?29仲裁协议有几种形式?仲裁协议有何作用?30什么是发盘?构成一项发盘应具备哪些条件?五、计算题(第31小题7分，第32小题8分，共15分)31某出口公司按每公吨1，200美元fob上海对外报价，国外客户要求改报ciff日金山。假设每公吨运费为130美元，加1成投保，保险费为1，问该出口公司应报价多少?(要求写出计算公式及计算过程)32某外贸公司出口某商品20吨(1000千克吨)，收购价每千克人民币280元，国内费用加17。外销价每吨550美元cif旧金山，含佣3，共支付运费870美元，保险费440美元。试计算该商品换汇成本。(要求写出计算公式及计算过程)六、案例分析题(每小题10分，共20分)331998年11日18日，我方某公司与国外客商签订一批大米出口合同，价格条件为usd115每公吨cip、汉堡，装运期为1999年3月15日前即期信用证支付方式。按合同规定，买方于2月6日将信用证开抵卖方。出口公司于3月8日将该批货物装上开往汉堡的班轮。不料，该批货物在运输途中因海难于3月12日灭失。我方某公司于3月16日持整套运输单据向银行议付，但买方在得知货物已灭失后已于3月15日通知银行拒付货款。试分析在此情况下，卖方应如何处理?34某公司以cif鹿特丹出口食品1000箱，即期信用证付款，货物装运后，凭已装船清洁提单和已投保一切险及战争险的保险单向银行收妥货款，货到目的港后经进口人复验发现下列情况：(1)该批货物共10个批号，抽查20箱，发现其中2个批号内含沙门氏细菌超过进口国的标准；(2)收货人只实收998箱，短少2箱；(3)有15箱货物外表情况良好，但箱内货物共短少60公斤。试分析上述情况，进口人应分别向谁索赔，并说明理由。参考答案1、a 2、d 3、c 4、d 5、a 6、c 7、a 8、c 9、a 10、b 11、c 12、d 13、b 14、a 15、d 16、ce 17、ce 18、bd 19、cd 20、acde21、样品：样品是指从一批商品中抽取出来的或由生产、使用部门设计、加工出来的，足以反映和代表整批商品品质的少量实物。22、班轮：是指在预定的航线上，按照船公司制定的船期表在固定港口之间来往行驶的船只。23、汇票：是指一个人向另一个人签发的要求见票时或在将来的固定时间，或可以确定的时间，对某人或指定的人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的支付命令书。24、提单：是承运人或其代理人在收到货物后签发给托运人的一种证件，它体现承运人于托运人之间的相互关系。25、询盘：是准备购买或出售商品的人向潜在的供货人或买主探询该商品的成交提交或交易的可能性的业务行为，它不具有法律上的约束力。26、信用证的性质为银行信用。其特点为：(1)信用证是一种有条件的保证付款的凭证，但不同于一般的银行担保。(2)信用证是依据买卖合同开立的，但它又是独立于合同之外的自足的文件。(3)信用证只凭指定的单据付款，它是一种单据买卖。27、构成实际全损的情况主要有：(1)保险标的物完全灭失。如：船只遭海难后沉没，货物与之同时沉入海底。(2)保险标的丧失。货物遭受损失，使被保险人完全丧失了这些财产，无法复得。(3)保险标的物发生质变，失去原有使用价值。(4)船舶失踪达到一定时期。28、装运一般是指将货物装上运输工具。交货一般是指卖方按照商定的时间、地点和运输方式将合同规定的货物交付给买方，两者具有不同的概念。但在国际贸易中，交货具有两种情况：第一种情况是卖方把货物实际交给买方，称为实际交货。第二种情况是卖方凭单据交货，称为象征性交货。因而采用fob、cfr和cif三种价格术语时，卖方只要根据合同规定将货物装上船，取得提单就算交货，它属于象征性交货性质。这时，装运即作为交货。而在目的地或其它地点交货，或采用内陆交货和目的地交货的价格术语时，属于实际交货性质，装运就不等于交货，装运时间与交货时间是不一致的。29、仲裁协议是双方当事人表示愿意将他们之间的争议交付仲裁解决的一种书面协议。有两种形式：一种是在争议发生之前订立在合同中的仲裁条款；另一种是在争议发生之后订立的提交仲裁的协议。两种形式的仲裁协议，其法律效力和作用是一样的。具体表现在：(1)对双方当事人有约束力。(2)排除了法院对该争议案管辖权。(3)使仲裁机构和仲裁员取得了对该争议案的管辖权。30、发盘又称发价或报价，在法律上称要约。有卖方发盘和买方发盘之分，构成一项发盘必须具备下列各项条件：(1)发盘应向一个或一个以上特定的人提出，即指定受盘人。(2)发盘内容必须十分确定，即在建议正在中写明货物并且明示或默示地规定数量和价格或规定如何确定数量和价格。(3)发盘必须表明发盘人对其发盘一旦被受盘人接受即受约束的意思。31、cif(fob+国外运费)/(1-保险加成*保险费率)134480美元32、换汇成本=出口总成本(人民币)/出口外汇净收入(美元)7元人民币美元33、根据2000年通则的解释，cif术语属象征性交货的贸易术语。在信用证支付方式下，卖方只要提供了符合信用证条款规定的单据，就算完成了交货义务，就可凭合格的单据向买方索取货款的权利，属于单据买卖。另一方面，在cif条件下，风险转移是以装运港将货物装船为界，即风险的转移是以货物在装运港装船时越过船舷为界，买方承担货物越过船舷之后的风险。在本案中，卖方已按合同规定将货物于3月8日按时装船，符合合同约定的装运期。该批货物在运输途中因海难于3月12日灭失发生在装船完毕之后，也即发生在货物风险已转移到买方之后，只要我方某公司持整套运输单据向银行议付，做到“单证相符，单单相符”，买方就无权通知银行拒付货款。34、第(1)种情况应向卖方索赔，承运人签发清洁提单只证明货物外包装状况，因原装货物有内在缺陷，承运人不负责任。第(2)种情况应向承运人索赔，因承运人签发清洁提单，提单是货物收据，因承运人保存货物不妥，造成货物短少，承运人在目的港应如数交足。第(3)种情况，因货物外表情况良好，箱内货物短少，若属保险单责任范围以内损失，可向保险公司索赔，但如进口人能举证原装数量不足，也可向卖方索赔。国际贸易实务试题一、名词解释(20分) 1、共同海损 2、清洁提单3、追索权 4、信用证 5、还盘二、简答（20分）1、简述fob、cfr和cif的异同点。2、简述国际贸易术语的作用。三、案例分析及计算（60分）1.某货轮在航运途中货舱起火并蔓延到机舱，为了船货的共同安全，船长下令往仓中灌水灭火，火虽然被扑灭，但由于主机受损，货轮无法继续航行。于是船长决定雇佣拖轮将货轮拖到附近港口修理，检修后再驶往目的港。事后调查，这次事故造成的损失有：800箱货物被火烧毁；500箱货由于灌水灭火造成损失；主机和部分甲板被烧坏；拖船费用；额外增加的燃料和船长、船员工资。 从上述各项损失的性质看，哪些属于单独海损？哪些属于共同海损？并简要说明理由。（10分）2. 我国江苏省南通市某轻工产品进出口公司向外国某公司进口一批小家电产品，货物分两批装运，支付方式为不可撤销议付信用证，每批分别由中国银行某分行开立一份信用证。第一批货物装运后，卖方在有效期内向银行交单议付，议付行审单后，未发现不符点，即向该商议付货款，随后中国银行对议付行作了偿付。南通公司在收到第一批货物后，发现货物品质不符合同规定，进而要求中国银行对第二份信用证项下的单据拒绝付款，但遭到中国银行的拒绝。试问，中国银行这样做是否有理？为什么？（15分）3. 我国山东某出口公司按cif条件与韩国某进口公司签订了一笔初级产品的交易合同。在合同规定的装运期内，卖方备妥了货物，安排好了从装运港到目的港的运输事项。在装船时，卖方考虑到从装运港到目的港距离较近，且风平浪静，不会发生什么意外，因此，没有办理海运货物保险。实际上，货物也安全及时抵达目的港，但卖方所提交的单据中缺少了保险单，买方因市场行情发生了对自己不利的变化，就以卖方所交的单据不全为由，要求拒收货物拒付货款。请问，买方的要求是否合理？此案应如何处理？（15分）4.我某出口公司以cif纽约条件与美国某公司订立了200套家具的出口合同，合同规定2002年12月交货。11月底，我企业出口商品仓库发生雷击火灾，致使一半左右的出口家具烧毁。我企业以发生不可抗力为由，要求免除交货责任，美方不同意，坚持我方按时交货。我方无奈经多方努力，于2003年1月初交货，美方要求索赔。试问：（1）我方要求免除交货责任的要求是否合理？为什么？（2）美方的索赔要求是否合理？为什么？（10分）5. 我国某公司以每箱50美元cif悉尼出口某商品共一万箱，货物出口前，由我公司向中国人民保险公司某分公司投保了水渍险、串味险及淡水雨淋险，其保险费率分别为0.7%、0.3%和0.2%，按发票金额110%投保。试计算该批货物的投保金额和保险费各是多少？(10分) 20062007学年第一学期国际贸易实务试题（答案）一、名词解释(20分) 1、共同海损：载运货物的船舶在航运途中遇到自然灾害或者意外事故，危及船、货的共同安全时，船方为了保护船与货物的共同安全或者为了使航程得以继续完成，而有意识的合理的采取挽救措施所做出的某些特殊牺牲和支出的额外费用。2、清洁提单：指货物在装船时“表面状况良好”，承运人在提单没有标明货物及包装有缺陷的提单。 3、追索权：是指持票人在票据到期不获付款或期前不获承兑或有其他法定原因，并在实施行使或保全票据上权利的行为后，可以向其前手请求偿还票据金额、利息及其他法定款项的一种票据权利。4、信用证：是银行做出的有条件的付款承诺，即银行根据开证申请人的请求和指示，向受益人开具的有一定金额、并在一定期限内凭规定的单据承诺付款的书面文件；或者是银行在规定金额、日期和单据的条件下，愿代开证申请人承购受益人汇票的保证书。5、还盘: 是指受盘人不同意或不完全同意发盘提出的各项条件，并提出了修改意见，建议原发盘人考虑。二、简答（20分）1、简述fob、cfr和cif的异同点。答案：相同点（1）卖方都是在装运港交货，（2）买卖双方风险的转移以货物越过装运港船舷为界限（3）都适合于水上运输（4）卖方办理出口通关手续，买方办理进口通关手续区别：在运输和保险上存在差别fob下运输和保险由买方自行安排，卖方无责任；cfr下卖方负责签订运输合同，支付运输费用，保险由买方自行安排；cif下，运输合同和保险合同均由卖方负责签订，并承担运费和保险费。2、简述国际贸易术语的作用。答案：贸易术语在国际贸易中起着积极的作用，主要表现在下列几个方面：(1)有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同(2)有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本(3) 有利于解决履行当中的争议三、案例分析及计算（60分）、答案：本案例、是因火灾而造成的直接损失，不具备共同海损成立的条件，属单独海损。、是因维护船货共同安全，进行灌水灭火而造成的损失和产生的费用，属于共同海损。2、答案：信用证是一种银行开立的有条件的承诺付款的书面文件。对出口商来说，只要按信用证规定条件提交了单据，在单单一致、单证一致的情况下，即可从银行得到付款；对进口商来说，只要在申请开证时，保证收到符合信用证规定的单据即行付款并交付押金，即可从银行取得代表货物所有权的单据。因此，银行开立信用证实际是进行单据的买卖。此外，开证行与受益人之间的关系属于一种对双方都有约束力的合同关系。这种合同关系约束开证行应在对单据做出合理审查之后，按照信用证的规定，承担向受益人付款的义务，而不受买卖双方买卖合同或者开证行和买方依开证申请书成立的合同以及其它合同的影响。因此，在本案中，中国银行这样做是合理的。 3、答案：从交货方式上来看，cif 是一种典型的象征性交货(symbolic delivery)。象征性交货是针对实际交货而言。在象征性交货方式下，卖方是凭单交货，买方是凭单付款。只要卖方如期向买方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据，即使货物在运输途中损坏或灭失，买方也必须履行付款义务。反之，如果卖方提交的单据不符合要求，即使货物完好无损地运达目的港，买方仍有权拒收单据并拒付货款。还需指出，按cif术语成交，卖方履行其交单义务只是得到买方付款的前提条件，除此之外，他还必须履行交货义务。因此，本案中，买方提出的要求是合理的，卖方必须提交符合规定的全套单据，买方可以拒收货物拒付货款，或向卖方提出索赔。 4、(1)我方要求免除交货责任的要求不合理。理由：虽然我企业出口商品仓库遇不可抗力导致一半左右出口家具烧毁，但这种不可抗力并没有使我方到达不能履行合同的程度，所以我方不能要求免除全部交货责任，但可以延期履行交货。(2)美方的索赔要求不合理理由：我方遇不可抗力事件后，虽经多方努力仍造成逾期交货，对此，我方不负责任，可以免责。5、保险金额计算的公式是：保险金额=cif货值（1+加成率）。保险费则根据保险费率表按保险金计算，其计算公式是：保险费=保险金额保险费率。在本案中，保险总金额=cif货值（1+加成率）10000箱=50（1+10%）=550000美元；总保险费=保险金额保险费率=550000（0.7%+0.3%+0.2%）=6600美元。请您删除一下内容，o(_)o谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. it is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. the enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. when a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. this may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. this process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the german pharmacologist loewi in 1921. chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. at this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. on release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. this is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. the action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. the choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. these same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. in the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. to understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. in post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. these are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. it is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. the type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. these terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. in the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. in the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme a through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. after the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. for the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. there are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. for a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. this will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. this enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. if acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. if this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in new york city during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in american art in the following decade; also called action painting and the new york school. it was the first important school in american painting to declare its independence from european styles and to influence the development of art abroad. arshile gorky first gave impetus to the movement. his paintings, derived at first from the art of picasso, mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. jackson pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. willem de koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. his intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. painters such as philip guston and franz kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. other important artists involved with the movement included hans hofmann, robert motherwell, and mark rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as clyfford still, theodoros stamos, adolph gottlieb, helen frankenthaler, lee krasner, and esteban vicente. abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. for example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de kooning or pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of mark rothko. basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. the movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the american art scene. science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. beginning with the greeks and hipparchus, continuing through ptolemy, copernicus and galileo, and today with our work on the international space station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. from here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. to truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. this science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such ascartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. for example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). in t