直接引语和间接引语用法讲解.docx

直接引语和间接引语用法讲解一、概述引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(direct speech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirect speech)。一般地讲，直接引语前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号，而用宾语从句来表达。Mr. Black said,“Im busy.”布菜克先生说：“我很忙”。（直接引语）Mr. Black saidthat he was busy.布菜克先生说他很忙。（宾语从句是间接引语）从上例看来，直接引语改为间接引语时,除将直接引语改为宾语从句之外，还须对直接引语中的人称和时态进行相应的变化，如上例直接引语中的I改成了he, am则改成了was。现将由直接引语改为间接引语时应注意的问题,分述如下：二、直接引语是陈述句时直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。1、人称的变化直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。He said , “Ilikeitvery much.” 他说：“我非常喜欢它”。He saidthathelikeditvery much. 他说他非常喜欢它。(I改为he, it不变)He said, “Youtoldmethis story.”他说：“你给我讲过这个故事。”He said thatIhad toldhimthat story.他说我给他讲过那个故事。(You改为I, me改为him, told改为had told)He said to me, “Shesleftherbook inyourroom”.他对我说：“她把书放在你的房间里去了。”He told me thatshe hadleftherbook inmyroom. 他对我说她把书放在我的房间里去了。（Shesshe had， her不变，yourmy）2、时态的变化（1）主句的谓语动词是一般过去时直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时(不变)一般将来时过去将来时一般将来进行时过去将来进行时一般将来完成时过去将来完成时如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。直接引语改为间接引语时,动词时态相应变化表：He said, “I usuallywatchTV on Sunday.”他说：“我常在星期天看电视”。He said that he usuallywatchedTV on Sunday.他说他常在星期天看电视。He said, “Im usingthe knife.”他说：“我正在用小刀。”He said that hewas usingthe knife.他说他正在用小刀。She said, “Ihave not heardfrom him since May.”她说：“自从五月份来我就没有收到他的来信。”She said that shehad notheard from him since May. 她说自从五月份以来她就没收到他的来信。He said，“Icameto help you.”他说：“我来帮助你。”He said thathe had cometo help me.他说他来帮助我。He said, “Ihad finishedmy homework before supper.”他说：“晚饭前我己做完了作业。”He said that hehad finishedhis homework before supper.他说晚饭前他己做完了作业。Zhou Lan said, “Ill doit after class.”周兰说：“下课后我就去做。”Zhou Lan said that shewould doit after class.周兰说下课后她就去做。He said,“Ishall be doingmy homework then.”他说：“那时我将正在做作业。”He said that heshould be doinghis homework then.他说那时他将正在做作业。He said, “Weshall have finishedthe work by that time.”他说：“我们将在那时以前完成工作。”He said that theyshould have finishedthe work by that time.他说他们将在那时以前完成工作。注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。The teacher said, “The earthisround. ”老师说：“地球是圆的。”The teacher said that the earthisround.老师说地球是圆的。He said, “Iwasborn in Shangdong in 1965.”他说: “我1965年生于山东。”He said that hewasborn in Shangdong in 1965. 他说他1965年生于山东。He said, “ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica in 1492.”他说：“哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。”He said ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica in 1492.他说哥伦布在1492年发现了美洲。（2）主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变He says, “Ifinishedthe work.”他说：“我做完工作了。”He says that hefinishedthe work. 他说他做完工作了。He will say, “Ihave wateredthe flowers.”他会说：“我己经浇花了。”He will say hehas wateredthe flowers. 他会说他己经浇花了。3、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化见下表：He said, “I met Mr. Smiththismorning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。”He said that he had met Mr. Smiththatmorning. 他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。He said, “We went to the cinemayesterday.” 他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。”He said they had gone to the cinemathe day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。Lily said, “I will come backnext month.” 莉莉说：“我下个月回来。”Lily said that she would go backthe next month. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。He said, “It is nine oclocknow.”他说：“现在九点了。”He said that it was nine oclockthen.他说那时九点了。He said, “I havent seen hertoday.”他说：“今天我没见到她。”He said that he hadnt seen her that day.他说那天他没有见到她。She said, “I went thereyesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”She said that she had gone therethe day before.她说前一天她去了那儿。She said, “Ill go theretomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”She said that she would go therethe next day.她说第二天她将去那儿。He said, “My sister washerethree daysago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。”He said that his sister had beentherethree daysbefore.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。(herethere; agobefore)She said, “I willcomeherethisevening.”她说：“今晚我将来这儿。”She said that she wouldgotherethatevening.她说那晚她将去那儿。（comego；herethere；thisthat）以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here就不必改为there, come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。Father said,“I am freethis afternoon”父亲说：“我今天下午有空。”Father said that he was freethis afternoon. 父亲说他今天下午有空。He said, “I am goingthere tomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。”He said that he was goingthere tomorrow. 他说他明天去那里。巧记:去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定。三、直接引语是疑问句时直接引语如为疑问句，改为间接引语时，须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序。其人称、时态等相应的变化同上。巧记：if(或whether)替引号，陈述语序要记牢。时态、人称和状语要变化，千万别把它忘掉。1、直接引语是一般问句变为间接引语时，须用连接词whether或if将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语，可以加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, them, us等。Shesaid, “Isyourfather an engineer?”她说：“你父亲是工程师吗?”Sheaskedmewhethermyfatherwasan engineer.她问我说我父亲是否是工程师。The teachersaidto Li Ming, “Haveyoufinished your homework?”老师对李明说：“你做完作业了吗?”The teacheraskedLi Mingwhetherhehadfinished his homework.老师问李明是否已做完作业了。2、直接引语是特殊问句如果直接引语为特殊疑问句, 改为间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what, where, when, who, how many作为连接词将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。巧记：直接去引号，陈述语序莫忘掉。助动do(does)、did，要去掉。“What do you doevery Sunday morning?”my friendsaid to me.我的朋友问我说，每星期天上午你做什么?My friendaskedmewhat I didevery Sunday morning. 我的朋友问我每星期天上午我做什么。“Where have you been, Li Ming?”the teacherasked. 老师问道：“你上哪里去了，李明?”The teacheraskedLi Mingwhere he had been. 老师问李明曾去过哪儿。I asked her, “How many English books will youread next term?” 我问她说：“下学期你将读多少本英语书? ”I asked herhow many English books she would readthe next term.我问她下学期将读多少本英文书。“When did youget up this morning?”asked my father.我父亲问道：“今天早晨你什么时候起床的?”My father asked mewhen I hadgot up that morning. 我父亲问我那天早晨我是什么时候起床的。注意： 直接引语里是：Whats wrong with?/Whats the matter? /Whats the trouble?/What has happened?/等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。He said to her“Whats the matter with you?”他问她“你怎么了？”He asked herwhat was the matter with her. 他问她怎么了。四、直接引语是祈使句巧记：去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。转述祈使句时，要使祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等动词，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有please一词,改为间接引语时，就将please去掉。成为：told (asked, ordered, warned)someone (not)to do something结构。Hesaid,“Sit down, please.” 他说：“请坐。”Heasked me to sit down. 他让我坐下。The teachersaid,“Dont talkin class! ” 老师说：“上课不要讲话! ”The teachertold us not to talkin class!老师要我们上课不要讲话。The captain said to his men,“Fire! ”上尉对他的士兵们说“开火！”The captainordered his men to fire. 上尉命令他的士兵们开火！The policeman said to the children,“Dont playfootball in the middle of the street.”警察对孩子们说：“别在马路中间踢足球。”The policemanwarned the children not to playfootball in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子们不要在马路中间踢足球。五、点击考点I.改错：1.He said that he is going to London.2.Tom said they had finished the job yesterday.3.She asked me dont smoke in the room.4.They asked that he was there.5.I asked you where was he going.6.The teacher told us not talk any more.7.The doctor said to his wife,Not wait for me.8.He asked me who I am.9.Mary said that she would see you tomorrow.10.Mother asked what the matter was.II.将下列句子改为间接引语1. “Where will you go tomorrow?”, Mother asked me.2.The old woman said to me, “Please lock the door for me.”3.The boy told his teacher, “We went to an exhibition yesterday.”4.He said, “Ill go to the station to see off a friend of mine this afternoon.”5. “Hello,how are you?”, he said to me.6.Tom said to me angrily, “Why dont you tell me you have been here for two weeks?”7.John said to Mary,“Do you remember I borrowed a diamond necklace from you?”8.The teacher said to Li Ming,“Dont make the same mistake again.”9. “Are you leaving today or tomorrow?”, I asked her.10.The nurse said to th