2009年职称英语等级考试用书(理工类)

2009年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类）- 理工类阅读理解 第一篇 Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles 第二篇 Electric Backpack 第三篇 Light Night, Dark Stars 第四篇 Motoring Technology 第五篇 Late-Night Drinking 第六篇 Hair Detectives 第七篇 Sugar Power for Cell Phones 第八篇 Eiffel Is an Eyeful 第九篇 Egypt Felled by Famine 第十篇 Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers 第十一篇 The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself 第十二篇 Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass 第十三篇 Invisibility Ring 第十四篇 Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers 第十五篇 Winged Robot Learns to Fly 第十六篇 Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth 第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet 第十八篇 Thirst for Oil 第十九篇 Prolonging Human Life 第二十篇 Explorer of the Extreme Deep 第二十一篇 Plant Gas 第二十二篇 Snowflakes 第二十三篇 Powering a City? Its a Breeze. 第二十四篇 Underground Coal Fires - a Looming Catastrophe 第二十五篇 Eat to Live 第二十六篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently 第二十七篇 Driven to Distraction 第二十八篇 Sleep Lets Brain File Memories 第二十九篇 Food Fright 第三十篇 Digital Realm 第三十一篇 Hurricane Katrina 第三十二篇 Mind-reading Machine 第三十三篇 Smart Window 第三十四篇 Dont Count on Dung 第三十五篇 Putting Plants to work 第三十六篇 Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning 第三十七篇 “Dont Drink Alone“ Gets New Meaning 第三十八篇 Sauna 第三十九篇 Clone Farm 第四十篇 Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific 第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming 第四十二篇 Renewable Energy Sources 第四十三篇 Forecasting Methods 第四十四篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed 第四十五篇 Thirsty in Karachi 第四十六篇 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack? 第四十七篇 Listening to Birdsong 第四十八篇 “Hidden“ Species May Be Surprisingly Common 第四十九篇 U.S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars 第五十篇 Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-Destruct 第一篇至第三十篇为 C级，第三十一篇至第四十篇为 B级，第四十一篇至第五十篇为 A级 第六部分 完型填空文章目录 第一篇 Captain Cook Arrow Legend 第二篇 Avalanche and Its Safety 第三篇 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live 第四篇 Animals “Sixth Sense“ 第五篇 Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind 第六篇 Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely 第七篇 An Intelligent Car 第八篇 A Biological Clock 第九篇 Wonder Webs 第十篇 Less Is More *第十一篇 China to Help Europe Develop GPS Rival *第十二篇 Taking a Nap During the Day +第十三篇 Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out +第十四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters +第十五篇 Crashed Cars to Text Message for Help 目录说明： 本书目录中未加符号标的文章难度相当于 C级考试水平，供报考 C级考试的学员阅读；标有“*”的文章相当于 B级考试水平；标有 “+”的文章，相当于 A级考试水平。我们希望，报考 B级的学员同时阅读未加标注的文章，报考 A级的学员同时阅读标有“*”的文章。 涂颜色部分为 2009年教材新增文章（与 2008年教材对比） 即：1-10 篇为 A、B、C 级学员共同需要掌握的内容； 11-12篇为 A、B 级学员需要掌握的内容； 13-15篇为 A级学员需要掌握的内容。 第二部分 阅读判断（两篇） 第一篇 Inventor of LED LED的发明者 When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealisticToday, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airportsDozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in WashingtonThis marks the 1Oth year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors “Anytime you get an award, big or little, its always a surprise”Holonyak said Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school, Holonyak worked at Ben LabsHe later went to General Electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches Later, Holonyak started 1ooking into how semiconductors could be used to generate 1ight. But while his colleagues were 1ooking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDS he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didnt realize how many uses they would have转自学易网 “You dont know in the beginningYOU think youre doing something importantyou think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and howYou just dont know, ”he said The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves, ”that can separate molecules by size 当 Nick Holonyak着手用半导体合金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时候，同事们都认为他不现实。今天，他发现的发光二极管，或 叫 LED，使用范围覆盖从 DVD到机场警钟的一切东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作，发明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日用技术。 转自学易网 2004 年 4月 23号，Holonyak 在华盛顿的一次典礼上被授予麻省理工 Lemelson项目的 50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的 LemelsonMIT项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发明人。 “任何时候你得了奖，不论是大是小，总是一分惊喜，”Holonyak 说。 Holonyak，75 岁，是上世纪 50年代初期晶体管的发明者 John Bardeen的学生。从研究生院毕业之后，Holonyak 在 Bell实验室工 作。之后去了通用电器公司，在那里他发明了一种开关，现在在家用减光开关中普遍使用。 后来，Holonyak 开始研究如何应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究如何发出看不见的光时，他却想要看得见的光。1962 年他 发明的 LED，现在的持续时间可以比白炽灯泡长十倍，对环境要求更少，更有效。 Holonyak 现在是伊利诺斯大学电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授，他说他预测 LED的使用有可能像今天这样普遍，但没有意识到 它会有多少用途。 “开始的时候你并不知道，你认为你在做一件很重要的事情，你认为它值得做，但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价，什么时候付出， 怎样付出。你并不知道，”他说。 LemelsonMIT 项目同样授予 75岁的 Edith Flanigen 10万美元的终身成就奖，她的工作是创造新一代的“分子筛”，也就是可以 通过大小来分离分子。 1).Holonyaks colleagues thought he would fail in his research on LEDs at the time when he started it ARight 2).Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson-MIT Prize sooner or laterCNot mentioned 3).Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s BWrong 4).Holonyak believed that LEDs would become very popular in the future ARight 5).Holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in CNot mentioned 6).Edith Flanigen is the only co-inventor of LEDs CNot mentioned 7).The Lemelson-MIT Prize has a history of over 100 years BWrong 第二篇 El Nino 厄尔尼诺现象 While some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 E1 Nino a few months in advance, the Columbia University researchers say their method call predict large E1 Nino events up to two years in advanceThat would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce in various parts of the world. Using a computer the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate E1 Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperaturesThe results were reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan CWeare, a meteorologist at the University of California, Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests E1 Nino is indeed predictable” 转自学易网 “This will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods”said WeareHe added that the new method “makes it possible to predict El Nino at 1ong lead times” Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare said The ability to predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importanceThe 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated$20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading EnglandThe 1877 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, Anderson said转自学易网 When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China aloneaccording to a 2002 United Nations report While predicting smaller E1 Nino events remains trickythe ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed E1 Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and FebruaryThe warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years. 转自学易网 The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible 当某种预报方法限制了提前几个月预测 1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时候，哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方法可以提前两年预测厄尔 尼诺现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准备的人来说是一条好消息。 研究人员使用计算机把 1980年和 2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄尔尼诺的发生联系起来，进而能够用更早的海面温度预计 1857 年的厄尔尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在最新的自然杂志上。 研究人员说他们的方法并不完美，但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家 Bryan CWeare 说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以预测的，尽管 他自己并没有参加研究工作。 Weare 说“这会促使其他人去寻找更好的办法。”他补充说新的方法“使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼诺现象成为可能。” 其他的方法也使用海面温度，但他们没能回顾得那么久远，是因为缺少其他的资料，而这些资料在近几十年才能够获得。转自学易网 预测太平洋的升温和降温有极其重要的意义。英国 Reading的欧洲中级天气预报中心的 David Anderson说：以 1997年的厄尔尼诺 为例，它导致了全球范围内约 200亿美元的损失，在其他一些地区被良性影响抵消；1877 年的厄尔尼诺与印度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发 生，导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生，结果刺激了季节性预报的发展。 根据 2002年的联合国报道，1991 和 1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候，仅中国就有 2亿人受到洪水的侵害。 然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是难以捉摸的，如果新的方法被认可的话，对大型现象的预测至少应该被提前一年。 厄尔尼诺总是在 4月和 6月期间发展，在 11月和 2月之间达到高峰。气候总是在 9月和 12月之间变暖，并且每 2年到 7年出现一 次。 尽管气温在年底的时候有可能微弱上升，新的预测方法预计未来两年不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。 1).The method used by the Columbia University researchers can predict E1 Nino a few months in advance BWrong 2).The Columbia University researchers studied the relationship between the past EI Nino occurrences and sea- surface temperatures ARight 3).The Columbia University researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past EI Nino occurrences CNot mentioned 4). Weares contribution in predicting E1 Nino, was highly praised by other meteorologistsCNot mentioned 5). According to a Chinese report, the flooding in China caused by E1 Nino in 1 99 1 and 1 997 affected 200 million Chinese people BWrong 6). It takes about eight months for El Nino to reach its peak Aright 7). A special institute has been set up in America to study E1 Nino CNot mentioned 第三篇 Smoking 抽烟 Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking male s. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.转自学易网 Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards. 自 1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康。证据的趋向是一致的，并且显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研 究组进行的研究超出了所有合理的怀疑，表明吸食烟草与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。转自学易网 这个领域的大部分研究人员都认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病 的死亡率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。 除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的作用也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里 面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部 分肺癌开始于这一点。 过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。 1). It is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous. -W 2). Smoking reduces ones life expectancy. -R 3). Smoking may induce lung cancer. -R 4). There is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer. -N 5). Male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers. W 6). Nicotine is poisonous. -R 7). Filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe. W 第四篇 Engineering ethics 工程道德 Engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nationAt Texas AM University，evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics，as well as a project funded by the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues in required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas AM，yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers The increasing concern for the value dimension of engineering is，at least in part，a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster，the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways co11apse，and the Exxon oil spillAs a response t this concern，a new discipline，engineering ethics，is emergingThis discipline will doubtless take its place alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics，business ethics，and legal ethics The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classroomsThey are most comfortable with quantitative concepts and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethicsMany engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics，or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary materialHopefully，the resources presented herein will be of assistance 工程道德在全美的工程类院校里愈来愈受到关注。在得克萨斯州的 A so your brain says: “I like this person.” But these preliminary “impressions” can be dead wrong. 4. When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of peopletheir history, interest, values, strengths, and true characterwe categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks. 5. However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the persons character, we use a different, more mature style of thinkingand the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane. 练习： 1.Paragraph 2 _ 2.Paragraph 3 _ A LED Lighting Is Not Mature B LED Lighting Will Replace Traditional Lighting C Almost Everything Could Be the Main Light Source in the Future D LED Lighting Has Many Advantages E Bowers Made an Unexpected Discovery F LED Light Bulbs Look Lumpy 3.Paragraph 4 _ 4.Paragraph 5 _ A. Ways of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions B. Comment on First Impression C. Illustration of First Impression D. Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories E. Threatening Aspect of First Impressions F. Differences Among Jocks, Geeks and Freaks 5.Sensory information is one that is perceived through _. 6.You interpret _by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain. 7.The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking, which is similar to _. 8.We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to _. A. a strangers less mature type of thinking B. the most complex areas of our cortex C. the immature form of thinking of a very young child D. the meaning of incoming sensory information E. the sights and sounds of the world F. an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking 第七篇 Screen Test 1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening. 7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpret