Lecture 10 词语的搭配、语法形式与翻译

,第十章词语搭配、语法形式与科技翻译,本章着重剖析科技文体中英语词语的搭配与衔接规律，探讨解释性结构的理解和翻译，同时关注关系从句、虚拟语气的翻译。,一、词语的搭配与衔接,1. 词语的搭配关系在英语中，出于修辞和文体的考虑，某些固定结构或搭配中的往往会嵌入其他成分，使得这些固定结构或搭配本身的内在联系不易察觉，给理解和翻译造成困难。,1) The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是全体社会成员从政府官员到普通公民都要使用科学家在他们的工作中所使用的那些特殊的思考和行动的方法。注：关键搭配application of ,2) Challenges being addressed by modern environmental biotechnology range from the search for microbes that will reduce acid rain by removing sulfur from power coal to the biological production of biodegradable plastics. 现代环境生物科技面临诸多挑战，包括寻找能够去除电煤中硫磺的微生物，从而减少酸雨，以及用生物方法生产出可进行生物降解的塑料。注：关键搭配range from to ,2. 词语的并列关系,英语中不少复杂的并列机构中也会嵌入其他非直接相关的成分，可能会模糊并列成分之间的关系，并最终导致理解和翻译的错误。,1) Ionizing radiation can change the electronic configuration of an atom or molecule, and thus the way it interacts with its surroundings.译文1：电离辐射可改变原子或分子的电子构型，因此，原子或分子可以以这样的方式与周围环境相互作用。译文2：电离辐射可改变原子或分子的电子构型，并因此改变原子或分子与周围环境相互作用的方式。注：the way 和前面的the electronic configuration of 是并列关系。,*英语中多个成分并列时，最后一个并列项目前面一般需使用连词 and 或 or，因此，在分析句子的结构时，这两个连词是判断并列成分的一个重要依据。试看下例：,2) Immediately afterward and even today, there is widespread speculation that the buildings were structurally deficient, that the steel columns melted, or that the fire suppression equipment failed to operate. 此后不久，甚至直至今日，仍广泛流传着这样的猜测：大厦有结构缺陷，钢柱熔化了，或是灭火设备失效了。,3) Not only can antibodies be used therapeutically to protect against disease; they can also help to diagnose a wide variety of illness, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the blood.抗体不仅用于治疗、抵抗疾病，也可用于诊断多种疾病，检测血液中是否存在药物、病毒、细菌以及其他异常物质。,二、解释性结构,1. 起同位语作用的名词结构作为同位语的名词短语用于解释、说明另一个名词或代词。要理解翻译这类结构，关键在于准确地把握同位语与被修饰词之间的内在关系。,1) The warmest year of the 20th century was 1998, when a strong EL Nino, a warm water event in the eastern Pacific Ocean, added warmth to the global temperature. 二十世纪最热的年份是1998年，因为这一年出现了强厄尔尼诺现象（即东太平洋海水变暖现象），导致全球气温的上升。,2) Packed tightly into nearly every one of the several trillion body cells is a complete copy of the human “genome,” all the genes that make up the master blueprint for building a man or woman在数万亿个人体细胞当中，几乎每一个细胞都包含了一整套完整而紧凑的人类“基因组”，所有这些基因形成了构建人体的总体蓝图。,2. Known as 或连词or引导的解释语这类解释语有时不必翻译，因为解释语和被解释词语都指向同一个汉语译名，或者被解释词语的汉语译名本身已有很好的释义，将解释语译出反而令译文显得累赘。另外，必须把引导解释语的连词or与表示选择意义的连词or区别开来。,1) A significant portion of the human population nowadays suffers from arthritis or inflammation of the joints. 目前相当一部分人群患有关节炎。,2) A persistent cough or hoarseness may indicate either lung cancer or cancer of the throat, known as laryngeal cancer.长期咳嗽或嗓音嘶哑可能是肺癌或喉癌的征兆。,3) There are a number of websites that can help you calculate your carbon footprint, or the quantity of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) that is produced by your choices of food, heating, travel, and other activities. 有一些网站能帮你计算出你的碳足迹，即你的二氧化碳（温室气体）排放量。碳排放因食物的选择，暖气的使用，旅行和其他活动而产生。,三、关系从句与虚拟语气的翻译,1. 关系从句的翻译处理关系从句（relative clause）也即定语从句（attributive clause）。关系从句虽然作定语，但有时兼有隐含的状语功能，表明原因、结果、让步、假设等。有时关系从句仅仅表示并列关系。翻译时应理清逻辑关系，选择合适的词语。,1) It was not until 60 years ago that a method of extracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scale process.直到60年前人们才找到提炼铝矿的方法，从而成就了低成本、大规模铝冶炼工艺。注：关系从句表示结果,3) Albert Einstein, who was unable to speak until the age of three, may be the foremost revolutionary thinker of our time.爱因斯坦虽然直到三岁才能说话，但他也许是我们这个时代最具革命性思想的人物。注：关系从句兼有让步意义。,2. 虚拟语气的翻译英语中的虚拟语气一般分为三种：（1）表示与事实相反、不可能实现或难以实现的是事；（2）表示主观愿望、要求、建议等；（3）表示语气委婉或主观推测。从理解的角度看，没有if引导的虚拟语气容易引起误读，翻译时需引起注意。,1) But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不可能成功的。,2) Had science not provided so many modern gadgets, the human race would have been following the simple and happy life style of ancient civilizations.如果科学没有为人类提供这么多的现代发明，那么人类可能仍然沿袭着古代文明简单而幸福的生活方式。,3) Thomas Edison surround himself with great thinkers and was friend with some the most successful people of his day. He would have valued many of their ideas, some very similar to his own and others in contrast to his thinking.爱迪生的周围聚集了许多伟大的思想家，他的朋友包括了当