高中英语语法复习专题讲解-形容词副词

高中英语语法复习专题讲解-形容词副词一、考点聚焦 1、形容词、副词的作用与位置形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone 、asleep、awake、alive 等）作定语，定语后置。如 a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如 well、faint、ill 只作表语。 sick 既可作表语又可作定语，ill 如作定语意为“bad”。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词 one、no、any、some 和 every 构成的复合词如 anything、something 等时，通常后置。如：I have something important to tell you.（4）else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。（5）enough、nearby 修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough 修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式 地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.（7）频度副词如 often、 always、usually 等在 be 动词后，行为动词前。（8）副词作定语，定语后置。如：The person there is waiting for you.（9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（ The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, the mans first tow interesting little red French oil paitings（10）以-ly 结尾的词性辨析。下列单词以-ly 结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、 lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly 、ugly 、silly、likely 、brotherly 、timely 等。表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：deep 深 wide 宽广 high 高 low 位置低 deeply 深入地 widely 广泛地 highly 高度地 lowly 地位卑微有无-ly 意义大不相同的副词：dead 完全，绝对 be dead asleep deadly 非常 be deadly tired pretty 相当 be pretty certain that prettily 漂亮地 be prettily dressedclose 近 Dont sit close. closely 密切地 Watch closely! late 晚、迟 arrive late, come late lately 最近 I havent seen him lately(recently). 2、复合形容词的构成（1）形容词 + 名词 + ed kind-hearted 好心的，white-haired 白发的 (2)形容词 + 形容词 red-hot 炽热的，dark-blue 深蓝的（3）形容词 + 现在分词 good-looking 好看的，easy-going 随和的（4）副词 + 现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的，fast-moving 快速转动的（5）副词 + 过去分词 hard-won 得来不易的，newly-made 新建的（6）名词 + 形容词 life-long 终生的，world-famous 世界闻名的（7）名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving 爱好和平的，fun-loving 爱开玩笑的（8）名词 + 过去分词 snow-covered 白雪覆盖的，hand-made 手工的（9）数词 + 名词 + ed four-storeyed 4 层楼的，three-legged 3 条腿的（10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数） ten-year 10 年的,two-man 两人的3、形容词和副词的比较等级（1）原级的构成和用法。 构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用 “as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/ 副词 + as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用 “倍数 + as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构。如：Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu. This building looks not so (as)high as that one.Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you . This room is three times as large as that one.（2）比较级和最高级的构成。掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。（3）比较级的用法。对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”表示。如：This picture is more beautiful than that one.表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如： This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如 even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet 、by fay 等修饰。如：He works even harder than before.注意：英语的比较级前如无 even、still 或 yet 等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“ 一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更”。如：She is better than she was yesterday Please come earlier tomorrow.另注意：by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如： He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语） ，the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语） ”的结构（意为“越越” ） 。如： The harder he works, the happier he feels.不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。如：The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful.某些以-ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时，用 to 代替 than。这些词有 inferior（劣等的，次的） 、superior（较好的，优于） 、junior（资历较浅的） 、senior（资格较老的） 、prior（在之前）等。He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用 that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that 指物,one 既可指人又可指物。that 可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而 one 只能代替可数名词。The book on the table is more interesting than that(或 the one)on the desk.A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.倍数表达法。 （A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高） 。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍） 。（B）A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。（C）A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用 twice 或 double.(4)最高级的用法。三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works(the)hardest in his class.最高级可被序数词以及 much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like 等词语所修饰。如：How much did the second most expensive hat cost?This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest. 表示“最高程度 ”的形容词，如 excellent、extreme、 perfect 等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如：He is the tallest(boy)in his class.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如：Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示 “非常”。如：He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very) The film is most interesting.(most=very)表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加 the。如： who is the older of the tow boys?在“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”结构中。在 same 前一般要加 the。有些形容词前加 the 成为名词。如 the poor、the rich 等。（6）由 as / so 组成的形容词或副词短语。 as much as + 不可数名词数量。She could earn as much as ten yuan a week.as many as + 可数名词数量 多达 I have as a many as sixteen reference books.as early as 早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.as far as 远到；就 而知（论） We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.As far as I know（就我所知） ，he has been there before.may (might, could)as well 不妨、不如 Then you might as well stay with us here.as as can be 到了最 的程度，极其 They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。as as one can He began to run, as fast as he could.as as possible Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.(7)几组重要的词语辨析。very 和 much 的区别。（A）可分等级的形容词和副词前使用 very 不用 much。(B)表示状态的过去分词前用 very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed 结尾的分词多用 much、very much / greatly 等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I was much amused by Jacks attitude。(C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用 very。如：very interesting / worrying / exicting。（D）too 前用 much 或 far,不用 very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在 too many / much, too few / little前用 far。 Theres far too little opportunity for adventue these days.Weve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.（E）关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：（a）修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用 very,而用 quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect 等。（b）修饰以 a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的词：be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold frightening。so that 与 such that 的区别。so + 形容词 / 副词 + that so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 注意：下列结构中只能用 so 不可用 such,当名词前有 many、much、little、few 等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples 等。但当 little 表示“小”时用 such。如：These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列 so 的用法是错误的：so a diffcult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。其他几组词的辨析。(A)ago、before:ago 表示以现在为起点的 “以前”；before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用 before 而不用 ago。(B)already,yet,still,already 表示某事已经发生；yet 表示期待某事发生； still 表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。(C)too、also 、either:too 和 also 用于肯定句，too 多用于口语， also 多用于书面语，either 用于否定句。(D)good、well:与 good 不同的是，well 作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表“身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。(E)quick、fast:作形容词皆表“快” 。fast 多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick 多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。(F)real、true:形容词表“ 真的 ”。real 强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true 指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。(G)hard、difficult: 均表“ 困难 ”，但 hard 通常指体力上困难；difficult 则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于 hard。它们都可作定语和表语。 二、精典名题导解1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science.（NMET 2001）A.an art much as B.much an art as C.as an art much as D.as much an art as解析：答案为 D。本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较 asas 句式中，如果 as 后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时，该冠词须置于形容词之后，即形成“as + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + as”结构。2. It is always difficult being in a foreign country, _if you dont speak the language.(NMET 2000)A.extremely B.naturally C.basically D.especially解析：答案为 D。本题考查副词的词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义，结合语境进行分析。A 项意为“极端地”；B 项意为 “自然地”；C 项“基本上”；D 项“ 尤其，特别地”。根据句意“ 如果你不会讲（它的）语言，在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案。3. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _known for his plays.(NMET 1998)A.the best B.more C.better D.the most解析：答案为 C。本题考查副词的比较级和最高级。要把握句式之间的联系，抓住句子的隐藏信息，结合语境进行分析。根据句意，句中 but 后应有一词组 be well known for。同时，应注意到前后两个分句把 professor White 的短篇小说和戏剧进行了对比，故应用 well 的比较级。英语中容易混淆的形容词和副词形容词用来修饰名词；副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。可是，有时形容词和副词容易混淆。例如“A fast train reached the destination fast”中的第一个“fast” 是形容词，第二个就是副词。此外，有些词既能是形容词，也能是副词，有些词义不变，另些词义不同；有些形容词加上后缀“-ly”构成的副词和原来的形容词意思相近，但有一些意义则相差甚远；更有些形容词，除自己本身能兼而充当副词之外，又可以再加上后缀“-ly”构成派生副词，若不小心，容易引起混淆。 下面分别举例说明： 可作形容词又可作副词，词义不同如： a. Joelle is a pretty child.（形容词） b. Tom will be back pretty soon.（副词） a. The old man has been ill for some time.（形容词） b. Dont speak ill of others.（副词） 既是形容词，也是副词，句子中的语法功能不同，但意义一样，如： a. What a deep ocean it is !（深的） b. The boy dug deep into the ground.（深） a. Look at the high mountain!（高的） b. Birds fly high in the sky.（高） 形容词可以充当副词，又可以加上后缀，构成派生副词。在某些场合，两者相近，可以通用（如例 和） ；在另一些场合里，两者意思有异，不可混为一谈（如例和）： a. Hold it tight， please! b. Hold it tightly， please! a. Please read slower. b. Please read more slowly. a. John came late yesterday.（迟） b. John has been working hard lately.（最近） a. Jason works hard.（努力地） b. Susan hardly works.（几乎不） 有些形容词或副词，同时有多个意思，如： a. Hard labour（苦工） b. Hard times（艰难时代） a. The baby is fast asleep.（睡得熟） b. Run fast， please!（ 请快跑） c. Hold the rope fast!（紧握绳索） 同词根的派生形容词和形容词及分词间，意思虽甚接近，但容易引起混乱，如： 11a. The child is sleepy.（昏昏欲睡） b. The child is still asleep.（还在睡眠中） c. Why are you looking at the sleeping child?（睡着的） 12a. Diana feels lonely/ lonesome in the big house.（感到寂寞） b. Mary was alone in the office last night.（独自） 13a. Irene was awake the whole night last night.（整夜未眠） b. Tom had a wakeful night last night.（整夜未眠） c. What did you do during your waking hours last night?（醒着的时刻） (a)和(b)意思相近，但(a) 的 awake 只能作补足语；(b) 的 wakeful 则没有这个局限。(c)里的 waking 现在分词和(a)及(b)的两个形容词也似同非同，不易随意取代。高考英语比较级典型陷阱题分析1. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _ voice. A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best 【陷阱】容易误选 D，认为最高级前要用定冠词。【分析】其实此题最佳答案为 A，该句可视为I have never heard a better voice than her voice 之省略，全句句意为“她唱得多好啊！我从未听过她这么好的声音”。请再看以下类似的实例： He is fine, never better. 他很好，比以往任何时候都好。 This bird is really lovely. Ive never seen a finer one. 这只鸟真可爱，我从未见过这样好看的鸟。比较以下试题，情形也大致相同：(1)“Ive never found a better job.” “_.” A. I dont think so B. Too bad C. Congratulations D. Dont worry 答案选 C， Ive never found a better job 可视为 Ive never found a better job than this job 之省略，句意为：我从来没有找到比这份工作更好的工作，即这是我所找到的最好的工作。(2)“What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, _. We couldnt have found a better place.” A. too bad B. sorry C. wonderful D. impossible答案选 C。We couldnt have found a better place 可视为 We couldnt have found a better place than this place，其意为“我们不可能找到一个比这个地方更好的地方”，即“这是我们所能找到的最好的地方”。(3) Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _IQ. A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest答案选 B，句意为 “我怀疑班上有没有哪个人比他智商更高”，即“ 我认为他可能是班上智商最高的”。 (4) How cold it is! Weve never had _ this winter. A. the colder day B. a cold day C. the coldest day D. a colder day答案选 D。句意为“ 今年冬天我们还从未遇上过这样冷的日子”。2. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is _ known for his plays. A. the best B. more C. better D. the most【陷阱】容易误选 D。【分析】此题首先不宜选 B 或 D，因为 well known 的比较级和最高级通常是 better known 和 best known，有时也可以是 more well known 和 most well known，但通常不能是 more known 和 most known。至于是选 A还是 C，这就要看语境。由于句中涉及的只有 stories 和 plays 两个对象，故应选比较级。3. You are _ careful than your brother. You two cant do the work that needs care and skill. A. not more B. no more C. not less D. no less【陷阱】容易误选 A。 【分析】要做对此题，首先要正确理解以下结构的含义：not more than = 不如no more than = 和 一样不 (否定两者)not less than = 不如不 (即指不如 less 后形容词的反面)no less than = 和一样 (肯定两者)比较以下各句的意思：You are more careful than he is. 你比他仔细。You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。You are less careful than he is. 你不如他仔细（你比他粗心） 。You are not less careful than he is. 你比他仔细（你不如他粗心） 。You are no less careful than he is. 你和他一样仔细。通过以上分析，再结合句子语境，可知此题最佳答案为 B。4. “Oh, how fat he is!” “But I think he is _ than fat.” A. short B. shorter C. more short D. shortest【陷阱】容易误选 B。认为 short 为单音节形容词，故用-er 构成比较级。 【分析】其实正确答案应是 C。要弄清此问题，得先从比较句型的两种不同类型说起：(1) 异类同质比较：即指两个不同的人或事物(异类) 在同一方面 (同质)进行比较。如： My room is smaller than yours. 我的房间比你的小。 Our country is more powerful than theirs. 我们的国家比他们的国家更强大。(2) 同类异质比较：即指同一个人或事物(同类) 在两个不同的方面 (异质)进行比较，这类句子常译为“( 更多的)是，而不是”、 “与其不如” 等。如： He was more lucky than clever. 他是靠运气而不是靠聪明。 She was mare surprised than angry. 她感到更多的是惊讶而不是生气。 This is more a war movie than a western. 这更应当说是一部战争片，而不是西部片。按英语习惯，在进行同类异质比较时，只能用 more 构成比较级，不能用-er 形式，即使是单音节词也是如此。比较级和最高级的常用句型 名称 句型 例句相等 as 原形 as (as 原形+名词 as ) He has not as much money as his friend.不及 not as(so) 原形 as (not asso +名词+ 原形 as ) She is not as (so)beautiful as her sister.超越 the +比较级+of the two 两者中较 的一个 He is the taller of the two.用于否定 no +比较级+than 和一样不 He is no richer than I. 他和我一样不富有。用于否定 最不过 His work couldnt be worse. 他的工作再糟糕不过了。程度递增 er and er，more and more+多音节词原级 (越来越 ) higher and higher more and more important 两种情况同时变化 the +比较级，the+ 比较级（越，越 ）The quicker you get ready, the sooner well be able to leave.三者或三者以上比较 the +最高级+of/in+比较范围（之中最）Of all things in the world, people are the precious.比较级结构的修饰语 1用于原级之前： almost, nearly, just, exactly, quite, half , twice,three times , a third,etc. John is almost as tall as you. The river is three times as long as that one. 2用于比较级前 many, a few (用于“more +可数名词“前) It takes many more hours to go there by train than by plane. a lot, much , a bit, even, a little , still, a great deal, far, rather, two years, ten percent,three times etc. Its cold this year, but its even colder last year. We produced 6% more grain this year than we did last year. 3用于形容词和最高级前 the very , much the ,by far the ,the first/second This hat is by far the largest in the world. Gold is the very most valuable of all materials .四、形容词的比较等级 1.形容词原级的用法形容词的原级常用于“asas“及“not as(so)as“两种句型中.(1)句型“asas“,表示两者相比较,程度相同.例如:The old man walks as fast as a young man.这位老人走路与年轻人一样快.Science is as important as maths.自然科学与数学一样重要.This coat is as expensive as that one.这件上衣与那件一样贵.(2)句型“not as(so)as“,表示两者相比较,前者不如后者.例如:Im not as tall as Jack. 我没有杰克高. She doesnt run so fast as I. 她没有我跑得快.This warship is not so big as that one.这艘军舰没有那艘大.(3)在使用“asas“与“not as(so)as“ 结构时,应该特别注意“asas“或“not as(so)as“中间的形容词必须是原级.(正)Today is as warm as yesterday.(误)Today is as warmer as yesterday.(正)Im not so careful as my brother.(误)Im not so more careful as my brother.(4)需要注意的形容词的原级用法:“ 数词 +times+as+形容词原级+as“( 是的几倍). 例如:This tree is twice as short as that one.这棵树比那棵树矮一倍.My scores are three times as many as yours.我的分数是你的三倍.This road is four times as wide as that one 这条马路的宽度是那条的四倍.“half+as+形容词原级+as“(的一半).例如:My English is not half as good as yours.我的英语不如你的一半好.This town is half as big as ours.这个城镇有我们城镇的一半大.The rivers in the north arent half as many as those in the south. 北方的河流不如南方的一半多.“asas“结构中,若形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数,不定冠词 a(an)应置于形容词与名词之间.例如:English is as important a subject as maths 英语是和数学同样重要的一门学科.Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.王叔叔是与我父亲同样好的一个人.This is as famous a school as ours.这是一所与我们学校同样著名的学校 .“asas“结构若指同一个人或物,则并无比较意义,而只是说明某人或某物具有两种性质.译为“又又“或“不但而且“.例如:This computer is as good as it is cheap.这台电脑又好又便宜.The boy is as strong as he is brave.这个男孩又健壮又勇敢.The city of Suzhou is as beautiful as it is clean.苏州城既美丽又干净.3.形容词比较级的用法(1)表示两者之间比较时,用“形容词比较级+than“或“lessthan“两种句型.例如:Your mother looks healthier than before.你妈妈看上去比以前健康了.Im less interested in basketball than you.我没有你对篮球感兴趣 .(2)形容词的比较级还可以用于以下句型中.more and more 越来越.例如:The park is getting more and more beautiful.这个公园变得越来越美了.China had become stronger and stronger.中国已变得越来越强大了.the morethe 越就越.例如:The more books we read, the cleverer we will become. 我们读的书越多,就会变得越聪明.“the+比较级+of the two“两个中较的一个.例如:Id like to go to the farther of the two places.我愿意去两个地方中更远的那个地方.She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那两个女孩中较胖的一个.“ 比较级 +than any other+单数名词“ 比其他任何都.例如:Li Lei is taller than any other boy in his class. 李雷比他班上其他任何一个男孩都高.(暗指李雷最高)The population of China is larger than any others in the world. 中国的人口比世界上其他任何国家的人口都多.(暗指中国人口最多)形容词比较级前还可以用 much,a lot, far, even, still, a little, no, any 等表示程度的词来修饰.例如:I feel a little better than yesterday.我感觉比昨天好一点儿了 .The job is far more difficult than before.这工作比以前要难得多.4.形容词最高级的用法(1)三者或三者以上相比较,用“the+最高级+名词+范围“结构.例如:This is the cleanest place of the city.这是这个城市最干净的地方.(2)表示“最之一“,用“one of the+ 形容词最高级+复数名词“. 例如:The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.中国的长城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一.This is one of the most interesting books that Ive ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书之一.注意形容词最高级前面必须加定冠词 the,但当形容词最高级前面有物主代词修饰时,则不加 the.例如:(正)This is my best friend.(误)This is my the(the my) best friend.(正)Today is the happiest day of my life.(误)Today is happiest day of my life.五、几种常见的形容词句型1.形容词+介词+ 名词(或代词或动名词)Im not interested in playing compu