2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号14

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国矿业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Takentogether,income,occupation,andeducationaregoodmeasuresofpeople'ssocialstanding.Usingalayeredmodelofstratification,mostsociologistsdescribetheclasssystemintheUnitedStatesasdividedintoseveralclasses:upper,uppermiddle,middle,lowermiddle,andlowerclass.Eachclassisdefinedbycharacteristicssuchasincome,occupationalprestige,andeducationalattainment.Thedifferentgroupsarearrayedalongacontinuumwiththosewiththemostmoney,education,andprestigeatthetopandthosewiththeleastatthebottom.

IntheUnitedStates,theupperclassownsthemajorshareofcorporateandpersonalwealth;itincludesthosewhohaveheldwealthforgenerationsaswellasthosewhohaverecentlybecomerich.Onlyaverysmallproportionofpeopleactuallyconstitutetheupperclass,buttheycontrolvastamountsofwealthandpowerintheUnitedStates.Theyexerciseenormouscontrolthroughoutsociety.Mostoftheirwealthisinherited.

Despitesocialmythstothecontrary,thebestpredictoroffuturewealthisthefamilyintowhichyouareborn.Eachyear,thebusinessmagazineForbespublishesalistofthe"Forbes400"—thefourhundredwealthiestfamiliesandindividualsinthecountry.OfallthewealthrepresentedontheForbes400list,morethanhalfisinherited,thoseonthelistwhocouldbecalled"self-made"werenottypicallyofmodestorigins;mostinheritedsignificantassets(Forbes,1997;SklarandCollins,1997).Thoseintheupperclasswithnewlyacquiredwealthareknownasthenouveauriche.Althoughtheymayhavevastamountsofmoney,theyareoftennotacceptedinto"oldrich"circles.

Theuppermiddleclassincludesthosewithhighincomesandhighsocialprestige.Theytendtobewell-educatedprofessionalsorbusinessexecutives.Theirearningscanbequitehighindeed—successfulbusinessexecutivescanearnmillionsofdollarsayear.Itisdifficulttoestimateexactlyhowmanypeoplefallintothisgroupbecauseofthedifficultyofdrawinglinesbetweentheupper,uppermiddle,andmiddleclass.Indeed,theuppermiddleclassisoftenthoughtofas"middleclass"becausetheirlifestylesetsthestandardtowhichmanyaspire,butthislifestyleissimplybeyondthemeansofamajorityofpeopleintheUnitedStates.

Themiddleclassishardtodefine;inpart,being"middleclass"ismorethanjusteconomicposition.ByfarthemajorityofAmericansidentifythemselvesasmiddleclasseventhoughtheyvarywidelyinlifestyleandinresourcesattheirdisposal.ButtheideathattheUnitedStatesisanopen-classsystemleadsmanytothinkthatthemajorityhaveamiddle-classlifestylebecause,ingeneral,peopletendnottowanttorecognizeclassdistinctionsintheUnitedStates.Thus,themiddleclassbecomestheubiquitousnormeventhoughmanywhocallthemselvesmiddleclasshaveatenuousholdonthisclassposition.

Inthehierarchyofsocialclass,thelowermiddleclassincludesworkersintheskilledtradesandlow-incomebureaucraticworkers,manyofwhommayactuallydefinethemselvesasmiddleclass.Examplesareblue-collarworkers(thoseinskilledtradeswhodomanuallabor)andmanyserviceworkerssuchassecretaries,hairdressers,waitresses,police,andfirefighters.Mediumtolowincome,education,andoccupationalprestigedefinethelowermiddleclassrelativetotheclassgroupsaboveit.Theterm"lower"inthisclassdesignationreferstotherelativepositionofthegroupinthestratificationsystem,butithasapejorativesoundtomanypeople,especiallytopeoplewhoaremembersofthisclass.

Thelowerclassiscomposedprimarilyofthedisplacedandpoor.Peopleinthisclasshavelittleformaleducationandareoftenunemployedorworkinginminimum-wagejobs.Fortypercentofthepoorwork;10percentworkyear-roundandfulltime—aproportionthathasgenerallyincreasedovertime.Recently,theconceptoftheunderclasshasbeenaddedtothelowerclass.Theunderclassincludesthosewhohavebeenleftbehindbycontemporaryeconomicdevelopments.Rejectedfromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmaybecomedependentonpublicassistanceorillegalactivities.

1.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"Forbes400”inparagraph3?

2.Accordingtoparagraph5,whydomostpeopleidentifythemselvesasmiddleclassintheUnitedStates?

3.WhatcanbeinferredaboutpoorpeopleintheUnitedStates?

4.Accordingtoparagraph7,whyhastheunderclassemerged?

问题1选项

A.Toexplainthemeaningofthelistingthatappearseveryyear

B.Tosupportthestatementthatmostwealthypeopleinherittheirmoney

C.Tocastdoubtontheclaimthatfamilyincomepredictsindividualwealth

D.Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulpeoplewhohavemodestfamilyconnections

问题2选项

A.Theyhaveaboutthesamelifestyleaseveryoneelseinthecountry

B.Theydon'treallyknowhowtodefinetheirstatusbecauseitisunclear

C.TheyprefernottoadmitthatthereareclassdistinctionsintheUnitedStates

D.Theyidentifythemselveswiththemajoritieswhohavenormallifestyles

问题3选项

A.Theyarenotabletofindentry-leveljobs

B.Theydonottrytofindemployment

C.Theyareserviceworkersandmanuallaborers.

D.Theyworkinjobsthatrequirelittleeducation

问题4选项

A.Changesintheeconomyhavecausedanentireclassofpeopletosurvivebywelfareorcrime

B.Thenewtermwasnecessarybecausethelowerclassenjoyedahigherlifestylethanithadpreviously

C.Theincreaseincrimehassupportedanewclassofpeoplewholivebyengaginginillegalactivities

D.Minimum-wagejobsnolongersupportaclassofpeopleatastandardlevelintheeconomicsystem

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目提问‘为什么作者在第三段提到“福布斯400强”?’根据第三段第一句Despitesocialmythstothecontrary,thebestpredictoroffuturewealthisthefamilyintowhichyouareborn.“尽管社会上关于他们的神话总与事实相反，但是预测未来财富只要看你出生的家庭就行了”和第四句Thoseonthelistwhocouldbecalled“self-made”werenottypicallyofmodestorigins;mostinheritedsignificantassets.“榜单上那些可以被称为“白手起家”的人并不是典型的出身贫寒；最重要的继承资产。”可以确定B选项“支持大部分富人都是继承了家庭财产的论点”。A选项“解释每年公布财富榜单的意义”没有在文章中提及；C选项“对家庭收入可以推测个人财富这一观点提出质疑”和D选项“举例说明大部分富人与家庭之间的关系不多”与原文意思相反。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘根据第5段，为什么在美国大多数人认为自己是中产阶级?’根据第五段第三句ButtheideathattheUnitedStatesinanopen-classsystemleadsmanytothinkthatthemajorityhaveamiddle-classlifestylebecause,ingeneral,peopletendnottowanttorecognizeclassdistinctionsintheUnitedStates.“但是，美国是一个开放的阶级制度，这一观点使许多人认为，大多数人都过着中产阶级的生活方式，因为一般来说，人们不愿意承认美国的阶级差别。”和第四句Thus,themiddleclassbecomestheubiquitousnormeventhoughmanywhocallthemselvesmiddleclasshaveatenuousholdonthisclassposition.“因此，中产阶级成为了普遍存在的规范，尽管许多自称中产阶级的人对这个阶级地位的把握微乎其微。”确定C选项“人们不愿意去了解阶级的不同”正确。A选项“他们其他人有着相同的生活方式”与原文的不同阶级划分相反，排除；B选项“因为不清楚阶级，所以他们不知道如何去定义自己的位置”没有在文章中提及，排除；D选项“他们认定自己和大多数人一样有着正常的生活方式”与题干没有关联，排除。

3.推理判断题。题目提问‘关于美国的穷人，我们可以推断出什么?’根据最后一段第一句Thelowerclassiscomposedprimarilyofthedisplacedandpoor.“较低阶级是由无家可归的穷人组成的”和第二句Peopleinthisclasshavelittleformaleducationandareoftenunemployedorworkinginminimum-wagejobs.“这个阶层的人几乎没有接受过正规教育，经常失业或从事最低工资的工作。”确定D选项“他们从事的工作不要求高学历”正确。A选项“他们无法找到初级职位”和B选项“他们没有尝试找工作”没有在文章中提及。C选项“他们属于服务行业人员和手工劳动者”根据文章信息，这类人是属于中下阶级，与题干不符。

4.细节事实题。题目提问‘根据第7段，为什么出现了下层阶级?’根据最后一段第五句Theunderclassincludesthosewhohavebeenleftbehindbycontemporaryeconomicdevelopment.“下层阶级包括那些被当代经济发展抛在后面的人。”和第六句Rejectedfromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmaybecomedependentonpublicassistanceorillegalactivities.“被排斥在经济体系之外的下层阶级可能会依赖公共援助或非法活动。”确定A选项“经济体系的变化导致底层的人只能靠社会救济或者违法行为来生存”。

2.单选题

Researchuniversitieshavehelpeddriveinnovationfordecades,（

）developmentofeverythingfromjetenginestotheInternet.

问题1选项

A.spurting

B.crediting

C.insinuating

D.preserving

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。spurt“喷射；喷出”；credit“相信，归因于，记在……的账上，给……记学分（或学时）”；insinuate“暗示，使潜入，使逐渐产生”；preserve“保护；保持；腌制”。由句中“developmentofeverythingfromjetenginestotheInternet从喷气式发动机到互联网的一切的开发”确定C选项“使逐渐产生”符合句意‘研究型大学在数十年里已帮助推进了革新，从而逐渐产生了从喷气式发动机到互联网的一切的开发。’。

3.单选题

（

）isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.

问题1选项

A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It

【答案】D

【解析】考查形式主语的用法。本句缺少主语。that引导了一个完整的句子，由此可知句首只需要一个形式主语。四个选项中只有D选项it可充当形式主语。句意：英语正在被接受为一种国际语言，这是一个事实。

4.单选题

Wedon't（

）anydifficultiesincompletingtheprojectsolongaswekeepwithinourbudget.

问题1选项

A.foresee

B.fabricate

C.infer

D.inhibit

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项foresee“预见；预知”；B选项fabricate“制造；伪造；装配”；C选项infer“推断；推论”；D选项inhibit“抑制；禁止”。句意：只要我们不超出预算，我们就无法……完成这个项目就没有什么困难。完成项目的困难在于预算不够，不超预算则不应有困难，也就是现在“看不到有什么困难”，因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

YouhaveprobablyheardabouteliteuniversitiesofferingfreeonlinecoursesthroughCoursera.Injustthepastfewweeks,Courserahasadded12universities,includingPrinceton,DukeandJohnsHopkins.

Thecompany'swebsitesaysitsgoalisto“giveeveryoneaccesstotheworld-classeducationthathassofarbeenavailableonlytoaselectedfew’,andmuchofthenewscoveragehasfocusedonhowthiswilldemocratizelearning.TwoweeksafterCourseraannounceditsinitialroundofpartnerships,HarvardUniversityandtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyannouncedaplantoinvest$60millioninasimilarcourseplatformcallededX,andathirdcompany,Udacity,announcedthatittoowouldjointhefray.

Despitenearuniversalenthusiasmforsuchprojects,it’simportanttotakeafewstepsback.First,althoughthecontentisfreenow,it’sunlikelythatitwillremainthatwayforlong.AccordingtoCoursera’scontracts,boththecompanyandtheschoolsplantomakeaprofit―theyjusthaven’tfiguredoutthebestwaytodothatyet.Butmoreimportant,I’mconcernedthatcomputer-aidedinstructionwillactuallywidenthegapbetweenthefinanciallyandeducationallyprivilegedandeveryoneelse,insteadofcloseit.

Intermsoflearningonthecollegelevel,theDepartmentofEducation,lookedatthousandsofresearchstudiesfrom1996to2008andfoundthatinhighereducation,studentsrarelylearnedasmuchfromonlinecoursesastheydidintraditionalclasses.Infact,thereportfoundthatthebiggestbenefitofonlineinstruction,camefromalearningenvironmentthatcombinedtechnologywithtraditionalmethods,butwarnedthattheuptickhadmoretodowiththeincreasedamountofindividualizedinstructionstudentsgotinthatenvironment,notthepresenceoftechnology.Forallbutthebrightest,themoretimestudentsspendwithtraditionalinstruction,thebettertheyseemtodo.

SupportersofonlinelearningsaythatallanyoneneedstoaccessagreateducationisastableInternetconnection.Butonly35%ofhouseholdsearninglessthan$25,000havebroadbandaccesstotheInternet,comparedwith94%ofhouseholdswithincomemorethan$100,000.Inaddition,accordingtothe2010ReportonMobileAccess,onlyhalfofblackandLatinosprimarilyusethen-cellphonestoaccesstheInternet,amuchmoreexpensiveandless-than-idealmethodfortakingpartinonlineeducation.Inshortytheexplosionofthistypeofeducation,thoughfreenow,mayleavebehindthestudentswhoneededucationthemost.

It’snothardtounderstandwhythechancetowatchlectures,passtestsandevengetaformalcertificatefromaneliteschoolwouldstirexcitement.ButtherecentlyreleasedreportontheAmericanDreammakesclear,afour-yearcollegedegreeistheonlytypeofeducationalinterventionthatpromotesupwardmobilityfromthelower-middleclass.Ifwereallywanttodemocratizeeducation,findingcreativewaystorealisticallyopenupcollegestodifferentcommunitieswilldomoretohelpthanamodelthatismorebeneficialforstudentswhoarealreadywealthy,academicallypreparedandhighlymotivated.Weoughttomakesurethateveryonehasaccesstothesameopportunities,orwewillfurtherwidentheopportunitygapswemeantoclose.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromtheresearchstudiesfrom1996to2008inparagraphfourthatinonlineinstruction,（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNotthereasonwhycomputer-aidedinstructionwillactuallywidentheeducationalgap?

3.Theauthorconcludesthatifwewanttodemocratizeeducation,weshould

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sdevelopmentofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.studentscanbenefitthemostfromthepresenceoftechnology

B.whatmattersistheincreasedamountofindividualizedinstruction

C.studentscanlearnmorecomparedwithintraditionalone

D.themoretimetheclevereststudentsspend,thehigherscorestheyget

问题2选项

A.Companiesandschoolswanttomakeaprofitfromonlinecourses.

B.Onlineinstruction,won'thelpstudentsasmuchastraditionalclasses.

C.NoteveryonehastheequalaccesstoInternetconnection.

D.It’sunrealistictoprovideonlinecoursestopeoplefromdifferentcommunities.

问题3选项

A.attendlectures,andgetacollegedegreehian.eliteschool

B.signupforvariousonlinecoursesandgetaformalcertificate

C.establishcollegesforstudentsofdifferentbackgroundscreativelyandrealistically

D.guaranteethathighlymotivatedstudentshavethesameopportunityasothers.

问题4选项

A.Introducingtheissue---raisinghisownpointofview---offeringreasonsanddescribingtheactualstatus---citingwaystodealwiththeissue.

B.Citingwaystodealwiththeissue---offeringreasonsanddescribingtheactualstatus---raisinghisownpointofview---introducingtheissue.

C.Raisinghisownpointofview---citingwaystodealwiththeissue---offeringreasonsanddescribingtheactualstatus---introducingtheissue.

D.Raisinghisownpointofview---introducingtheissue---citingwaystodealwiththeissue---offeringreasonsanddescribingtheactualstatus.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】1.根据文章第四段‘inhighereducation,studentsrarelylearnedasmuchfromonlinecoursesastheydidintraditionalclasses.Infact,thereportfoundthatthebiggestbenefitofonlineinstruction,camefromalearningenvironmentthatcombinedtechnologywithtraditionalmethods,butwarnedthattheuptickhadmoretodowiththeincreasedamountofindividualizedinstructionstudentsgotinthatenvironment,notthepresenceoftechnology.Forallbutthebrightest,themoretimestudentsspendwithtraditionalinstruction,thebettertheyseemtodo.在高等教育中，学生从在线课程中学到的东西很少像在传统课程中那么多。事实上，该报告发现在线教学最大的好处来自于一个将技术与传统方法结合起来的学习环境，但报告警告称这种增长更多地与学生在这种环境中获得的个性化教学数量的增加有关，而不是技术的存在。除了最聪明的学生外，所有学生花在传统教学上的时间越多，他们似乎做得越好。‘确定A选项‘学生可以从科技的存在中获益最多’、C选项‘与传统教育相比，学生可以学到更多’错误，D选项‘最聪明的学生花的时间越多，他们的分数就越高’没有提及，所以B选项正确。

2.根据第三段第二句‘First,althoughthecontentisfreenow,it’sunlikelythatitwillremainthatwayforlong.首先，尽管内容现在是免费的，但这种情况不太可能持续太久。’可知A选项‘公司和学校都想从在线课程中获利’不是扩大教育差距的原因，A选项符合题意，

3.根据文章最后一段倒数第二句’Ifwereallywanttodemocratizeeducation,findingcreativewaystorealisticallyopenupcollegestodifferentcommunitieswilldomoretohelpthanamodelthatismorebeneficialforstudentswhoarealreadywealthy,academicallypreparedandhighlymotivated.如果我们真的想让教育民主化，找到创造性的方法，切实地向不同的社区开放大学，这将比一种模式更有帮助，这种模式更有利于那些已经富有、学业准备充分、积极性很高的学生。可知C选项‘创造性地、现实地为不同背景的学生建立大学’符合题意。

4.文章最后提出解决措施，所以排序最后应该是citingwaystodealwiththeissue，确定A选项正确。

6.单选题

Theawfultruthabouttoxicwastedumpingintheirneighborhood（

）manycommunitymembers.

问题1选项

A.informed

B.appeased

C.provoked

D.deceived

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。inform“通知，告诉”；appease“安抚，缓和，对...让步”；provoke“激怒，使恼怒，煽动”；deceive“欺骗”；根据句意‘有关倾倒在小区的有毒废物的骇人真相（

）了很多社区成员。’确定C选项正确。

7.单选题

Helivedina（

）house,andforthisreasonhewaseasilyacceptedintohismoney-worshipingsociety.

问题1选项

A.shabby

B.ragged

C.dingy

D.decent

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他住在一栋很体面的房子里，也因为这样他很快就被金钱至上的社会所接纳。shabby“破旧的”；ragged“粗糙的”；dingy“昏暗的”；decent“体面的”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。

8.单选题

Everyday,manypeoplecometovisitthe（

）oftheoldcastle.

问题1选项

A.location

B.highland

C.site

D.desert

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：每天都有人来参观城堡的遗址。location“场所”；highland“高低”；site“遗址”；desert“沙漠”。根据句意，选项C符合题意。

9.单选题

Thecaptainoften（

）responsibilitytohissubordinates,soastohavetimetodotheimportanttaskshimself.

问题1选项

A.analyzed

B.respected

C.criticized

D.assigned

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析题。analyze“分析，解释”；respect“尊敬，尊重”；criticize“批评”；assign“分派，选派，分配”；根据句意‘船长经常将任务（

）下属，以便自己有时间去做更重要的工作。’确定D选项正确。

10.单选题

Wehadthoughttheexamwouldbedifficult,butit（

）easy.

问题1选项

A.turned

B.came

C.appeared

D.proved

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项turn“转弯；转变”；B选项come“做；假装；来”；C选项appear“出现；显得”；D选项prove“证明；结果表明”。句意：我们原以为考试会很难，但……它很容易。appear后接形容词表示“结果表明……”时应用“appeartobe……”结构。只有prove后面接形容词有此用法且符合语境。因此D选项正确。

11.翻译题

Whoeverhassofarformedhistaste,astobeabletorelishandfeelthebeautiesofthegreatmasters,hasgoneagreatwayinhisstudy;merelyfromaconscientiousnessofhisrelishoftheright,themindswellswithaninwardpride,andisalmostaspowerfullyaffected,asifithaditselfproducedwhatisadmires.Ourhearts,frequentlywarmedinthismannerbythecontactofthosewhomwewishtoresemble,willundoubtedlycatchsomethingoftheirwayofthinking;andweshallreceiveinourownbosomssomeradiationatleastoftheirfireandsplendor.Thatdisposition,whichissostronginchildren,stillcontinueswithus,ofcatchinginvoluntarilythegeneralairandmannerofthosewithwhomwearemostconversant.

【答案】那些拥有自己品味，并且能够欣赏和领会大师们作品的人，都在他的学习上取得了很大进步；当能够认真品味这些大师的作品时，内心深处的自豪感会油然而生，心灵为之触动，就好像这些作品是自己创作的一样。我们那颗时常会因为和那些自己期望效仿的人接触而感到无比温暖的心，毫无疑问将捕捉大师们的某些思维方式，而且大师们艺术的火花和光芒会在我们的胸中闪烁。我们这种在孩提时代非常强烈的天性会继续伴随我们，使我们不由自主地为与周围接触过的人的神情和举止所感染。

12.单选题

Manyofthemostflexibleexamplesoftooluseinanimalscomefromprimates(theorderthatincludeshumans,apes,andmonkeys).Forexample,manywildprimatesuseobjectstothreatenoutsiders.Buttherearemanyexamplesoftoolusebyothermammals,aswellasbybirdsandothertypesofanimals.

Toolsareusedbymanyspeciesinthecaptureorpreparationoffood.Chimpanzeesusesticksandpolestobringoutantsandtermitesfromtheirhidingplaces.AmongthemostcomplextooluseobservedinthewildistheuseofstonesbyIvoryCoastchimpanzeestocracknutsopen.Theyselectalargeflatstoneasananvil(aheavyblockonwhichtoplacethenuts)andasmallerstoneasahammer,sometimescarryahaulofnutsmorethan40meterstofindasuitableanvil.Theuseoftoolsinchimpanzeesisespeciallyinterestingbecausetheseanimalssometimesmodifytoolstomakethembettersuitedfortheirintendedpurpose.Tomakeatwigmoreeffectivefordiggingouttermites,forexample,achimpmayfirststripitofitsleaves.

Surprisingly,thereisalsoaspeciesofbirdthatusesstickstoprobeholesinthesearchforinsects.OneofthespeciesofGalapagosfinch,thewoodpeckerfinch,picksuporbreaksoffatwig,cactusspine,orleafstein.Thisprimitivetoolisthenheldinthebeakandusedtoprobeforinsectsinholesintreesthatthebirdcannotprobedirectlywithitsbeak.Birdshavebeenseentocarrytwigsfromtreetotreesearchingforprey.

Toolsmayalsobeusedfordefense.Hermitcrabsgrabseaanemoneswiththeirclawsandusethemasweaponstorepeltheirenemies.Studieshavedemonstratedthatthesecrabssignificantlyimprovetheirchancesagainstpredatorssuchasoctopusbymeansofthistactic.Also,manyspeciesofforest-dwellingprimatesdefendthemselvesbythrowingobjects,includingstones,atintruders.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Accordingtothepassage,IvoryCoastchimpanzeesareamongthemostremarkableofanimaltoolusersbecausethey（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthebehaviorofthewoodpeckerfinch?

4.Accordingtothepassage,studieshaveshownthathermitcrabsmanagetoturnoctopusawayby

（

）.

5.ForestprimatesandcertainseaanimalsarementionedinthepassageasexamplesofanimalsthatusetoolsEXCEPTfor（

）.

问题1选项

A.Primatesaresuperiortootheranimalsinusingtools.

B.Theuseofstonesastoolsissimilaracrossdifferentanimalspecies.

C.Birdsandprimatesusetoolsthataredifferentfromthoseofseaanimals.

D.Manyanimalshavedevelopedeffectivewaysofusingtools.

问题2选项

A.usetoolstogatherfood

B.usemorethanonetooltoaccomplishatask

C.transporttoolsfromoneplacetoanother

D.hidetheirtoolsfromotheranimals

问题3选项

A.Itusesitsbeakasaweaponagainstitsenemies.

B.Itusesthesametwigtolookforfoodindifferenttrees.

C.Itusestwigsandleavestobuilditsnest.

D.Itavoidsareaswherecactusgrows.

问题4选项

A.attackingtheoctopuswiththeirclaws

B.usingstonesasweapons

C.defendingthemselveswithseaanemones

D.hidingunderseaplants

问题5选项

A.self-protection

B.foodpreparation

C.huntingprey

D.buildingnestsorhome

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章讨论的主要问题是……”。文章第一段提到动物使用工具，主要是灵长类，但也有其他一些哺乳动物、鸟类等；第二段提到很多种类的动物使用工具来捕捉食物；第三段提到有些动物使用工具来挖洞或者找昆虫；最后一段提到动物使用工具来攻击。由此可知选项D“许多动物开发了工具的有效使用方式”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章，象牙海岸的黑猩猩是最引人注目的动物工具使用者，因为……”。文章第二段提到“它们选择一块大而平的石头做砧板，另一块小一点的石头当锤子，有时候会推着坚果走到超过40米外的地方找合适的砧板”（Theyselectalargeflatstoneasananvil(aheavyblockonwhichtoplacethenuts)andasmallerstoneasahammer,sometimescarryahaulofnutsmorethan40meterstofindasuitableanvil），由此可知选项B“使用不止一种工具来完成任务”符合题意。

3.判断推理题。题目问的是“下面哪个选项可以从文章中推断出啄木鸟的行为”。文章第三段最后一句话提到“啄木鸟会带着它的细枝在树木之间飞来飞去”（Birdshavebeenseentocarrytwigsfromtreetotreesearchingforprey），可以推断出啄木鸟这么做是为了找虫子，选项B符合题意。

4.细节判断题。题目问的是“根据文章内容可知，研究发现寄居蟹能够把章鱼赶走是通过……”。文章第四段提到“寄居蟹用钳子抓住海葵作武器赶跑敌人”（Hermitcrabsgrabseaanemoneswiththeirclawsandusethemasweaponstorepeltheirenemies），选项C符合题意。

5.推理判断题。题目问的是“森林灵长类动物和海洋中的某些动物被用来作为动物使用工具的例子，下列哪项不包含在内”。文章第二段提到动物使用工具捕食，比如黑猩猩，还有动物用工具来准备食物，比如象牙海岸的黑猩猩用石头来砸坚果；最后一段提到寄居蟹使用工具来赶跑敌人。由此可知只有选项D没有提及，符合题意。

13.单选题

Thevolcanolaid（

）now,butwefeltsureitwoulderuptagainwithintheyear.

问题1选项

A.inactive

B.slack

C.elevated

D.inattentive

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析题。inactive“不活动的，不活跃的”；slack“懒惰的，懈怠的”；elevate“举起，提起”；inattentive“不注意的，漫不经心的”；根据句意‘尽管火山目前是（

）状态，但是我们确信今年它会再次喷发。’确定A选项正确。

14.单选题

Thesewerestubbornmennoteasily（

）tochangetheirmind.

问题1选项

A.tilted

B.converted

C.persuaded

D.suppressed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项title“加标题与；赋予头衔；把……称为”；B选项convert“转变；皈依；改变信仰”；C选项persuade“说服；劝说”；D选项suppress“抑制；镇压；废止”。句意：这些顽固的人，别人很难……他们改变主意。综合句意和选项可知，此处应表示顽固的人很难被“说服”改变主意。C选项正确。

15.单选题

Afteraslowsalesstartearlyintheyear,mobilehomeshavebeengainingfavoras（

）oincreasinglyexpensiveconventionalhousing.

问题1选项

A.anaddition

B.achallenge

C.analternative

D.anintroduction

【答案】C

【解析】词组辨析题。anaddition“一个增加”；achallenge“—个挑战”；analternative“—种可供替代的选择”；anintroduction“一个介绍”。由关键信息“mobilehomes移动房屋（房车）”与“conventionalhousing传统房屋”的对应可知C选项“一种可供替代的选择”正确。句意:‘在经历了这一年早期的销售低谷之后，移动房屋（房车）作为越来越昂贵的传统房屋的替代品已经受到人们的青睐。’

16.单选题

Shewondered（

）shecouldhavetheopportunitytospend（

）here（

）shecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.

问题1选项

A.if;sometime;sothat

B.how;sometime;sothat

C.when;sometimes;sothat

D.if;sometime;suchthat

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定用法、词语辨析与原因状语从句用法。第一个空格后接一个完整句子，不缺少其他成分，因此空格处词语引导一个从句，加上空格前的wonder可知此处应填if，表示“她想知道是否有机会……”；第二空前spend“花（时间、金钱）”，说明空格处需要填入名词，sometimes“有时”，为副词，sometime“一段时间”符合用法；第三空，suchthat连用时such是代词用法，sothat“所以；因此；以便”可引导结果状语，本句表示“她想知道是否有机会在这儿呆上一段时间，以便多了解这座城市”。A选项符合题意。

17.单选题

Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudied.

Inconductingresearchoncultureandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandwittothePeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanemicfashion,theirconcernisonlythatthequestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.

Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach,theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudytheresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-class,Whitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,BlackAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyinginethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto（

）.

2.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?

3.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore

（

）.

4.Theeticapproachisconcernedwith

（

）.

5.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheethnicminorityfamiliesintheU.S.accordingtothepassage?

问题1选项

A.beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfi.ilmeasures

B.viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspective

C.guardagainstinterferencefromtheirownculture

D.acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture

问题2选项

A.Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues.

B.Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.

C.Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.

D.Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.

问题3选项

A.culturallyinteractive

B.culture-oriented

C.culturallybiased

D.culture-specific

问题4选项

A.thegeneralcharacteristicsofminorityfamilies

B.culture-relatedconceptsofindividualethnicgroups

C.featuressharedby